Mexico

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Mexico
Overview of the education system (EAG 2026)
  • In Mexico, the share of adults with tertiary attainment reaches 22.2% (OECD average : 42.7%), while the share of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment stands at 24.4% (OECD average : 39.9%) and 53.3% of 25-64 year-olds reached below upper secondary education (OECD average : 17.9%).
  • Some 43.3% of children aged 3 are enrolled in early childhood education (OECD average : 81.5%), while 66.5% of children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education (OECD average : 86%).
  • Government expenditure on educational institutions, before transfers, on primary to tertiary education equalled 2.6% of GDP in 2023 (OECD average : 4%).
  • In 2023, Mexico allocated an average of 10.4% of total government expenditure to education from primary to tertiary levels (OECD average : 9.8%), equivalent to 2.9% of GDP (OECD average : 4.2%).
  • The unemployment rate among tertiary-educated young adults stands at 4.5% in 2025 (OECD average : 5%), while it is equal to 2.6% for 25-34 year-olds without an upper secondary education (OECD average : 13.9%).
  • Some 19.3% of all 18-24 year-olds were not in employment, education or training (NEET) in 2025 (OECD average : 14.1%), while 24% of 25-29 year-olds were NEET (OECD average : 16.3%).
  • In Mexico, annual typical teaching hours were 760 hours in primary education (OECD average : 770 hours) and 988 hours in lower secondary education (OECD average : 710 hours).
  • Women represent 95.8% of pre-primary teaching staff in Mexico (OECD average : 95.9%) and 55.6% in lower secondary education (OECD average : 68.2%).
    • | Education at a Glance 2026 (EAG 2026): OECD Indicators | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2026 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Mexico | Secretaría de Educación Pública (Secretariat of Public Education, in Spanish) |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (39.6 %, rank 2/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31.3 %, rank 32/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53.3 %, rank 1/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.4 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.2 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.5 %, rank 36/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.8 %, rank 32/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Mexico has one of the highest percentages of 25-64 year-old adults with less than primary education. (8.3 %, rank 2/30 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Mexico has one of the lowest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2 %, rank 36/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 33/34 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.8 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.1 %, rank 33/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30.2 %, rank 4/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 27/30 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 30/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0 %, rank 31/31 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (1.6 %, rank 35/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.6 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.9 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.8 %, rank 31/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.1 %, rank 35/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 35-44 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.8 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.1 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.8 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 35-44 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.9 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.7 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.8 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Mexico has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old men whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.5 %, rank 31/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Mexico has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old men whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2 %, rank 36/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Mexico has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old women whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2.1 %, rank 36/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old men who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 33/34 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 33/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Mexico is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (40.2 %, rank 2/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Mexico is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (39.2 %, rank 1/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Mexico is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31.7 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Mexico is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.4 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Mexico is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.5 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 55-64 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Mexico is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.3 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 55-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Mexico is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.1 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 27/30 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 27/30 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Mexico is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (47.8 %, rank 33/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Mexico is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (44.8 %, rank 33/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    In Mexico, the average age of new entrants in short-cycle programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.4 Years, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of new entrants into master's or equivalent programmes before the age of 30 is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (48.9 %, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the proportion of new entrants into doctorate's or equivalent programmes before the age of 30 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.4 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female new entrants to bachelor’s programmes in arts and humanities was among the smallest in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (60.2 %, rank 25/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants in doctoral programmes in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary was one of the smallest across countries. (44.9 %, rank 23/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female new entrants in arts and humanities doctoral programmes was one of the lowest across countries. (48.4 %, rank 26/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In social sciences, journalism and information, the proportion of female new entrants to doctoral programmes in Mexico was among the smallest internationally. (54.1 %, rank 24/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female new entrants to master’s programmes in arts and humanities was one of the smallest internationally. (53.7 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants in tertiary education in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary in Mexico was among the smallest internationally. (42.9 %, rank 20/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of arts and humanities is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (59.5 %, rank 21/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.1 %, rank 19/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (68.2 %, rank 23/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (64.1 %, rank 21/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively small. (44.6 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (69.3 %, rank 27/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.5 %, rank 24/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in education in Mexico is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (70.3 %, rank 25/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in health and welfare in Mexico is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (62.5 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Mexico is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (47.1 %, rank 25/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering short cycle tertiary programmes in health and welfare in Mexico is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (61.9 %, rank 21/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (67.8 %, rank 25/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (65.3 %, rank 11/16 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (36.6 %, rank 16/20 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    Enrolment in early childhood education (ISCED 0) among 3- to 5-year-olds placed Mexico among the lowest across countries. (66.5 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of children under age 3 in ECEC (ISCED 01) was one of the lowest across participating countries. (3.2 %, rank 28/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among 15-19 year-olds in Mexico is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60.8 %, rank 40/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in Mexico is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (43.3 %, rank 37/44 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in Mexico is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (81.5 %, rank 34/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Mexico is relatively low compared to the other countries. (16.2 %, rank 36/41 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary programmes in Mexico is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.8 %, rank 38/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary general programmes in Mexico is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.1 %, rank 35/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of two-year-olds in early childhood education in Mexico is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.6 %, rank 32/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in early childhood education in Mexico is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (74.7 %, rank 35/44 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from vocational programmes at the upper secondary level in Mexico is relatively low compared to other participating countries. (18.1 Years, rank 33/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The average age of first-time tertiary graduates from short-cycle tertiary programmes in Mexico is among the youngest. (22.2 Years, rank 23/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (51.7 %, rank 8/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among OECD and partner countries with available data, Mexico has one of the smallest shares of women graduates from tertiary programmes. (56 %, rank 28/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    In Mexico, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of arts and humanities is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (59.5 %, rank 30/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (69.2 %, rank 32/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Mexico has one of the smallest proportions of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 38/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of international students entering tertiary education in Mexico is relatively low. (1.4 %, rank 32/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of international students entering bachelor's programmes is relatively low. (1.5 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of international students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Mexico is relatively small. (11.9 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, international or foreign students from Asia are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 37/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, international or foreign students from Europe are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, international or foreign students from Africa are the least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of international students among the new entrants in master's programmes in Mexico is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (8.3 %, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in bachelor's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 38/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7 %, rank 33/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 27/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    In Mexico, government expenditure from initial source of funds on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education per student is relatively low. (2661 USD Equivalent, rank 42/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, government expenditure on public educational institutions per full-time equivalent student from primary to tertiary education is relatively low among OECD and partner countries. (3101 USD Equivalent, rank 42/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, government expenditure per full-time equivalent student on public tertiary educationial institutions is relatively smallest. (6315 USD Equivalent, rank 35/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Mexico, government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP at primary to tertiary levels of education is comparatively low. (2.9 %, rank 39/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, government expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (2 %, rank 39/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, government expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (2.6 %, rank 39/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the government expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is small. (2 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico. (2.6 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of hours per year lower secondary teachers spend teaching general programmes in public institutions is comparatively high in Mexico. (988 Hours, rank 3/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The number of hours per year upper secondary teachers spend teaching general programmes in public institutions is comparatively high in Mexico. (838 Hours, rank 8/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, upper secondary public schools have among the fewest instruction days per school year across OECD and partner countries with available data. (171 Days, rank 36/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The number of hours per year pre-primary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively low in Mexico. (505 Hours, rank 32/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the smallest across OECD and partner countries with available data. (70.8 %, rank 40/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in lower secondary education is one of the smallest across OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.6 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the smallest across OECD and partner countries with available data. (50.6 %, rank 37/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60.5 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in general upper secondary education in Mexico is relatively small. (51.8 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of women among teaching staff in vocational upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.2 %, rank 29/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    Compared to 2015, the change in statutory salaries for primary education teachers with 15 years of experience and the most prevalent qualifications in Mexico was relatively large. (117 Index, rank 9/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to 2015, the change in statutory salaries for lower secondary education teachers with 15 years of experience and the most prevalent qualifications in Mexico was relatively large. (117 Index, rank 8/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (79550 USD Equivalent, rank 10/42 , 2025) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (46447 USD Equivalent, rank 34/42 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    The salary progression from the start to the top of the salary scale for a lower secondary school teacher is among the largest across OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.92 Ratio, rank 8/43 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Salaries of primary school teachers with minimum qualifications after 10 years of experience are especially low. (31016 USD Equivalent, rank 37/42 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Salaries of pre-primary teachers with minimum qualifications after 10 years of experience are especially low. (31016 USD Equivalent, rank 30/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The ratio of upper secondary teachers' salaries at the top of the scale to their starting salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.22 Ratio, rank 41/43 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is relatively low. (1.22 Ratio, rank 41/44 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Teacher shortages

    Between 2015 and 2024, Mexico reported a decrease in the number of students enrolled in education. (92 Index, rank 32/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.4 Ratio, rank 7/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (23.1 Ratio, rank 1/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially high. (31.4 Ratio, rank 2/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level is especially high. (21.8 Ratio, rank 3/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    Classes are particularly large in lower secondary schools. (25 Students, rank 9/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes are particularly large in primary schools. (23 Students, rank 5/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes in public primary institutions are comparatively large in Mexico. (23 Students, rank 6/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary public institutions are comparatively large in Mexico. (26 Students, rank 7/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low across participating countries. (80.6 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively high across participating countries. (65.6 %, rank 8/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low across participating countries. (72 %, rank 35/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (75.4 %, rank 31/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (80.2 %, rank 34/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (85.9 %, rank 33/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (89 %, rank 30/30 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (61.6 %, rank 33/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is relatively high in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (67.2 %, rank 6/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (82 %, rank 34/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (73.3 %, rank 33/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (61.9 %, rank 37/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (55.1 %, rank 35/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (75.7 %, rank 31/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (77.2 %, rank 31/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (69.6 %, rank 31/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (85.8 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (83.9 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (74.9 %, rank 36/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (78 %, rank 26/29 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (79.4 %, rank 27/29 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Mexico. (87.7 %, rank 13/18 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men without upper secondary education is comparatively high across participating countries. (87.4 %, rank 2/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low across participating countries. (57.5 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low across participating countries. (73.2 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (76 %, rank 35/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (58.8 %, rank 35/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (72.5 %, rank 36/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (50.8 %, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (40.2 %, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (63.3 %, rank 31/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (58.5 %, rank 33/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.1 %, rank 31/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico. (58.6 %, rank 30/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (2.6 %, rank 38/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (3.3 %, rank 37/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.2 %, rank 38/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.4 %, rank 31/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.7 %, rank 39/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (2.3 %, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (0.6 %, rank 20/20 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (1.8 %, rank 31/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.4 %, rank 35/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (3.2 %, rank 29/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (3.3 %, rank 35/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Mexico. (3.7 %, rank 8/10 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a short cycle tertiary education degree is relatively low in Mexico. (2.3 %, rank 23/24 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old men without upper secondary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.7 %, rank 39/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (2.3 %, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old women without upper secondary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.7 %, rank 39/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (2.4 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (2.5 %, rank 38/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (3.3 %, rank 36/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (2.7 %, rank 34/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (3.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old men with below upper secondary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (1.3 %, rank 37/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (1.5 %, rank 36/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (1 %, rank 35/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (1.1 %, rank 31/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico compared to other participating countries. (1.1 %, rank 36/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (2.4 %, rank 30/31 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (4.3 %, rank 26/31 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.4 %, rank 35/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.4 %, rank 34/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.9 %, rank 31/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.6 %, rank 31/31 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico. (3.2 %, rank 33/34 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Mexico. (3.3 %, rank 33/34 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high in Mexico. (24.2 %, rank 4/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is high in Mexico. (14.2 %, rank 6/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Mexico, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively low compared to other countries with available data. (8.1 %, rank 38/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively low compared to other countries with available data. (11.1 %, rank 37/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (7.8 %, rank 30/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Mexico, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (8.7 %, rank 32/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Earnings of 25-64 year-old full- and part-time workers with a bachelor's or equivalent education are comparatively high across surveyed countries. (153.3 %, rank 6/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings of 25-64 year-old full- and part-time workers with a master's, doctoral or equivalent education degree are comparatively high across surveyed countries. (221.8 %, rank 5/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among workers with below upper secondary education in Mexico, the proportion earning between 0.5 and 1 times the median is comparatively low. (36 Index, rank 27/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among workers with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Mexico, the proportion earning between 0.5 and 1 times the median is comparatively low. (33 Index, rank 27/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds without an upper secondary education with income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (77.4 %, rank 21/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (81.8 %, rank 8/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds without an upper secondary education working full-time full-year) are among the lowest across countries with available data. (78.4 %, rank 20/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Women's earnings as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are among the lowest across countries with available data. (74.5 %, rank 16/19 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of inactive youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Mexico is one of the largest among countries with available data. (16.5 %, rank 5/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Mexico is one of the largest among countries with available data. (19.3 %, rank 8/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of youth who have been unemployed for at least one year and not in formal education or training among 18-24 year-olds in Mexico is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0 %, rank 30/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of youth who have been unemployed for at least 3 months but less than a year and not in formal education or training among 18-24 year-olds in Mexico is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0.4 %, rank 28/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Mexico is relatively low. (11.5 %, rank 33/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Mexico is relatively low. (7.5 %, rank 25/27 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Mexico is relatively high. (14.8 %, rank 5/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Mexico is relatively low. (2 %, rank 35/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Mexico is relatively low. (2.5 %, rank 32/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Mexico is relatively low. (2.7 %, rank 33/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Mexico is relatively low. (3.2 %, rank 33/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Mexico is relatively low. (2.3 %, rank 33/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in Mexico is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24 %, rank 5/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 15-29 year-olds in Mexico is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.6 %, rank 6/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 18-24 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training is comparatively large in Mexico. (19.3 %, rank 8/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old men neither employed nor in education or training is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (9.6 %, rank 32/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old women neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (28.9 %, rank 4/37 , 2025) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Educational attainment remains at an all-time high in 2025 as more people obtain advanced qualifications. Across the OECD, 43% of working-age adults have a tertiary qualification, while the share of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment is slightly lower at 39%.
    • On a similar note, the share of young adults without upper secondary attainment continues to decline across the OECD, standing at 12% in 2025. Therefore, while more young adults obtain a tertiary qualification, the share of individuals whose highest qualification is upper secondary with a vocational orientation is decreasing in almost all OECD countries. 
    • Regarding the share of young people being neither in employment nor in education or training, it stood at 14% as of 2025 across OECD countries. However, cross-country comparisons reveal a wide variety of trends, ranging from large falls in Croatia or Ireland to increases in Germany or Latvia.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 86% across the OECD in 2024. Participation in early childhood education increases with age and tends to be higher in countries with stronger institutional support for participation.
    • 76.2% of students complete upper secondary programmes within the theoretical programme duration. This rises to 84.9% with two additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • In 2023, OECD countries allocated an average of 9.8% of total government expenditure to education, equivalent to 4.2% of GDP.
    • Total expenditure on education tends to rise with the level of education. In primary education, expenditure per student was USD 13 552 in 2023 on average across the OECD. This amount rises to USD 14 923 in secondary education and to USD 22 402 in tertiary education.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education. However, as a whole most investment in education comes from public sources. On average, across the OECD, government expenditure on primary to tertiary education corresponded to 4% of GDP in 2023, while private expenditure corresponded to 0.6%. Both of these figures are measured as initial source of funds, which implies that we are tracking the original provider.
    • Research and development represents around one-third of total expenditure across the OECD on tertiary educational institutions, underlining their dual role in both teaching and research. On average across the OECD, in 2023, USD 8 060 were invested annually into research and development for every student enrolled in tertiary education.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Compulsory teaching time averages 770 hours per year for primary students and 710 hours for lower secondary students (general programmes), a difference of about 60 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in primary education has slightly fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2015 to 14 in 2024.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, across OECD countries and economies, the salaries of teachers with the most prevalent qualifications with 15 years of experience range from USD 60 437 at pre-primary level to USD 68 928 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries at primary and general secondary levels of education are 87-95% of the average earnings of tertiary-educated workers across OECD countries. School heads' actual salaries are usually higher than those of tertiary-educated workers.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Learning environment | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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    • On average across OECD countries, 9.1% of teachers in primary and secondary education are non-fully qualified, with shares exceeding 18% in Chile, Denmark, Estonia and Germany.
    • Furthermore, the share of fully qualified teachers leaving the profession in primary and secondary schools stands at 6.4% of the total teaching workforce.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in primary education has slightly fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2015 to 14 in 2024.
    • Regarding job satisfaction among teachers, participating countries show wide differences. Japan, Spain and Czechia reported that teachers tend to be much more satisfied with their jobs than other employed adults. On the other hand, teachers in Hungary, Chile or Latvia tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than other employed adults.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teacher working conditions | Education policies: Teacher employment | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Mexico
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Mexico
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			
            Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. 
			However, OECD averages from Education at a Glance coming from the OECD database are the averages for the indicator reference year appearing in the Education GPS and may differ from averages in the book where averages can include data from multiple reference years, based on countries' data availability.
			

    
			To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026 in the Northern Hemisphere.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Sources Methodologies and Technical Notes 
		of EAG 2025 for more details about the data collections.
		

    
        For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.