Luxembourg
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Luxembourg
Overview of the education system (EAG 2025)
  • Average primary school class size was 15.6 students in 2023, up slightly since 2013 but still well below the OECD average of 20.6, highlighting smaller classroom environments.
  • Education expenditure as a share of GDP is 3.3%, below the OECD average of 4.7%, despite high per-student spending, reflecting the influence of Luxembourg’s high income levels.
  • Tertiary spending is exceptionally high at USD 54,384 per student, far exceeding the OECD average of 15,102 and underscoring very strong investment in higher education and research.
  • The first-year dropout rate in bachelor’s programmes is 31%, well above the OECD average of 13%, suggesting mismatches between expectations, study demands, or insufficient support.
  • In Luxembourg, women accounted for 53% of first-time entrants to tertiary education in 2023, stable since 2013 and close to the OECD average of 54%, showing gender parity in access.
  • Master’s attainment is high, with 39% of 25-34 year-olds holding a master’s or equivalent degree in 2024, well above the OECD average of 16% and up from 30% in 2019.
    • | Education at a Glance 2025 | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2025 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | Ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle (Ministry of Education and Professional Development) | Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (Ministry of Higher Education and Research) (in French) | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Luxembourg |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.2 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28 %, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (54.4 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (64.8 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.6 %, rank 27/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (2.8 %, rank 2/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30.5 %, rank 10/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.9 %, rank 30/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (38.7 %, rank 1/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.6 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (56.2 %, rank 6/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (59.4 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (70.3 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.6 %, rank 30/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.3 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.1 %, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.3 %, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Luxembourg has one of the largest share of women among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (44.7 %, rank 9/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Luxembourg has one of the smallest share of women among 55-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (38.5 %, rank 30/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (55.3 %, rank 27/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (5.6 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (9.4 %, rank 28/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (8.1 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The share of women among tertiary education new entrants is one of the smallest compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (53.1 %, rank 28/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Luxembourg is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (40 %, rank 40/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the average age of new entrants in doctoral programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27.8 Years, rank 41/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in Luxembourg is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (55 %, rank 34/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of first-time entrants in master's programmes is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (0 %, rank 24/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    In Luxembourg, the share of female new entrants to bachelor’s programmes in social sciences, journalism and information was among the smallest internationally. (61.5 %, rank 34/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants in arts and humanities doctoral programmes placed Luxembourg among the smallest across participating countries. (50 %, rank 32/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In social sciences, journalism and information, female new entrants to doctoral programmes placed Luxembourg among the smallest internationally. (50 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants to master’s programmes in services placed Luxembourg among the smallest across participating countries. (35 %, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In social sciences, journalism and information, female new entrants to master’s programmes were among the smallest across countries with available data. (60.8 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants in tertiary services programmes were among the smallest across countries. (35 %, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (69.8 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60.2 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (47.6 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively small. (40.7 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction in Luxembourg is relatively small. (25 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.8 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (43.2 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Luxembourg is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (35.3 %, rank 33/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering short cycle tertiary programmes in information and communication technologies in Luxembourg is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (9.6 %, rank 28/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering short cycle tertiary programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Luxembourg is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (13 %, rank 27/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (55.6 %, rank 19/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (45.8 %, rank 28/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    Enrolment in early childhood education (ISCED 0) among 3- to 5-year-olds placed Luxembourg among the highest across countries. (95.8 %, rank 8/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of children under age 3 in ECEC (ISCED 01) was one of the highest across participating countries. (67.4 %, rank 2/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (58.4 %, rank 9/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in Luxembourg is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (97.8 %, rank 7/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students in public tertiary educational institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students in government-dependent private tertiary educational institutions is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 22/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students in independent private tertiary educational institutions is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Enrolment in pre-primary education (ISCED 02) among 3- to 5-year-olds in Luxembourg was among the highest internationally. (95.8 %, rank 8/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of tertiary students enrolled in public institutions is relatively small. (0 %, rank 24/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female students in lower secondary general programmes was among the smallest internationally. (47.7 %, rank 46/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the enrolment rate of children under 3 is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (67.4 %, rank 2/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (54.1 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at all early childhood education level is comparatively high. (51.8 %, rank 10/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at early childhood educational and development level is comparatively high. (100 %, rank 1/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education in Luxembourg is relatively high compared to the other countries. (45.9 %, rank 4/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education is relatively large compared to other OECD or partner contries. (100 %, rank 1/15 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of below-two year-olds in early childhood education in Luxembourg is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60.3 %, rank 1/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of below-two year-olds in other registered ECEC services in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 12/12 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 27/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in short-cycle tertiary programmes in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 30/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of two-year-olds in other registered ECEC services in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 13/13 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in primary education in Luxembourg is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 7/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in ECEC in Luxembourg is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (98.4 %, rank 8/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (19.1 %, rank 30/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The percentage of first-time graduates in vocational programmes at upper secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (56.7 %, rank 7/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the average age of first-time tertiary graduates is relatively low. (23.7 Years, rank 29/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of short-cycle tertiary graduates in Luxembourg is among the youngest. (23.7 Years, rank 22/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of bachelor's or equivalent graduates in Luxembourg is among the youngest. (23.7 Years, rank 26/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates among post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes in Luxembourg is relatively low. (17.2 %, rank 27/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.5 %, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.9 %, rank 7/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.7 %, rank 1/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.6 %, rank 44/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.9 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of services is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.9 %, rank 40/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of arts and humaties in Luxembourg is relatively small. (3.9 %, rank 40/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law in Luxembourg is relatively large. (13 %, rank 7/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Luxembourg is relatively large. (28.5 %, rank 5/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of health and welfare in Luxembourg is relatively small. (0 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.5 %, rank 6/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.9 %, rank 29/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.6 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively low. (1.1 %, rank 22/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is relatively low. (6.9 %, rank 21/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is relatively low. (0.5 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 2/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1 %, rank 8/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3 %, rank 8/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3 %, rank 4/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is relatively low compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (0 %, rank 28/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 6/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 1/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 44/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (8.9 %, rank 42/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in social sciences, business and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (40.2 %, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of arts and humanities is relatively small. (5.2 %, rank 37/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of male tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (42.8 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively low in Luxembourg. (2.7 %, rank 44/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively small. (0 %, rank 24/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (77.8 %, rank 25/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in all fields is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (51.9 %, rank 38/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (68 %, rank 39/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (64.4 %, rank 35/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (50.4 %, rank 39/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (83.3 %, rank 1/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of services is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (35 %, rank 38/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates

    For male new entrants, the completion rate to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme placed Luxembourg among countries with the lowest values. (28.3 %, rank 24/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical duration, were among the lowest across countries with available data. (68.3 %, rank 24/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates to bachelor's programmes three years after the theoretical duration placed Luxembourg among the lowest values internationally. (55.7 %, rank 23/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The completion rate of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical end of the programme, ranked Luxembourg among the lowest across countries. (62.2 %, rank 23/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the completion rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes in Education, measured three years after the theoretical end of the programme, was among the highest internationally. (92.1 %, rank 3/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    For male students, completion rates in Arts and humanities bachelor's programmes three years beyond the theoretical end placed Luxembourg among the lowest across countries. (44.6 %, rank 25/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, female completion rates in Business, administration and law bachelor's programmes three years after the theoretical duration were among the lowest values internationally. (60.4 %, rank 24/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes in Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics, measured three years after the theoretical end, placed Luxembourg among the lowest internationally. (47.8 %, rank 28/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates of all new entrants to Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics bachelor's programmes three years beyond the theoretical end ranked Luxembourg among the lowest internationally. (54.9 %, rank 25/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates of female new entrants to ICT bachelor's programmes, three years after the theoretical duration, placed Luxembourg among the lowest values across countries. (43.9 %, rank 29/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates in ICT bachelor's programmes three years beyond the theoretical end of the programme ranked among the lowest across countries with available data. (43.6 %, rank 27/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, completion rates of all new entrants to ICT bachelor's programmes three years after the theoretical duration were among the lowest across countries. (43.7 %, rank 27/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The completion rate of female students in STEM bachelor's programmes, measured three years after the theoretical end, placed Luxembourg among the lowest internationally. (50 %, rank 26/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates in STEM bachelor's programmes three years after the theoretical end ranked among the lowest across countries with available data. (42.3 %, rank 26/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    For all new entrants to STEM bachelor's programmes, completion rates three years beyond the theoretical duration placed Luxembourg among the lowest internationally. (43.3 %, rank 26/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates of female students in Engineering, manufacturing and construction bachelor's programmes, measured three years after the theoretical end, were among the lowest internationally. (30 %, rank 29/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates in Engineering, manufacturing and construction bachelor's programmes three years beyond the theoretical end placed Luxembourg among the lowest values. (35.8 %, rank 29/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The completion rate of all new entrants to Engineering, manufacturing and construction bachelor's programmes, measured three years after the theoretical end, was among the lowest across countries. (34.9 %, rank 29/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Dropout rates

    The drop out rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration was among the highest across countries with available data. (32 %, rank 4/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, the drop out rate by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme placed Luxembourg among the highest across countries. (44.6 %, rank 2/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The overall drop out rate of new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration ranked Luxembourg among the highest internationally. (38 %, rank 2/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Female drop out rates by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year were among the highest across participating countries. (31.7 %, rank 6/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, drop out rates one year beyond the theoretical duration placed Luxembourg among the highest internationally. (44.3 %, rank 3/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Drop out rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes one year beyond the theoretical duration ranked Luxembourg among the highest across countries with available data. (37.8 %, rank 4/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Female drop out rates by the end of the theoretical duration plus three years placed Luxembourg among the highest across countries. (31.7 %, rank 5/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male drop out rates to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical duration, were among the highest internationally. (44.3 %, rank 5/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The overall drop out rate of new entrants by the end of the theoretical duration plus three years was among the highest across countries with available data. (37.8 %, rank 4/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively low. (8.8 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is relatively low. (8.6 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, new entrants to doctoral programmes in STEM were among the largest across countries. (70.3 %, rank 1/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of services is comparatively small. (0.8 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (0 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (5.5 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of health and welfare is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (0 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (24.8 %, rank 1/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively high. (37.2 %, rank 1/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of services is one of the low among countries with available data. (0 %, rank 29/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of new entrants in engineering, manufacturing and construction bachelor's programmes is relatively low in Luxembourg among countries with available data. (7.5 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of new entrants in Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary bachelor's programmes is especially lowest, compared to the other countries with other data. (0 %, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of new entrants in services bachelor's programmes is especially low, compared to the other countries with other data. (0 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of new entrants in health and welfare master's programmes is relatively lowest, compared to other countries with available data. (0 %, rank 38/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Luxembourg has a large share of international students graduate from tertiary programmes compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (25.1 %, rank 2/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Luxembourg has one of the largest proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.3 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of worldwide foreign and international students is one of the small among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 42/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of international and foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (90.8 %, rank 1/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, international or foreign students from North America are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.9 %, rank 34/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, international or foreign students from Europe are most represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (70.4 %, rank 9/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of international graduates among bachelor's first-time graduates is relatively high. (22.1 %, rank 2/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively high. (92.3 %, rank 1/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of international students among the new entrants in master's programmes in Luxembourg is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (72.4 %, rank 1/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in bachelor's programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.4 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (79.1 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.2 %, rank 6/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    (5 %, rank 1/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of arts and humanities among all international or foreign tertiary students in Luxembourg is relatively low. (5.6 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of business, administration and law among all international or foreign tertiary students in Luxembourg is relatively high. (38 %, rank 3/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in Luxembourg is relatively high. (11.9 %, rank 7/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all international or foreign tertiary students in Luxembourg is relatively low. (7.6 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of health and welfare among all international or foreign tertiary students in Luxembourg is relatively low. (2.4 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of students enrolled in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary among all international or foreign tertiary students is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (7 %, rank 1/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60979 USD Equivalent, rank 1/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31439 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per pupil at the pre-primary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24878 USD Equivalent, rank 2/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per primary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26975 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per secondary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31336 USD Equivalent, rank 1/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35862 USD Equivalent, rank 1/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25118 USD Equivalent, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Luxembourg is comparatively high. (27606 USD Equivalent, rank 1/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on tertiary education in Luxembourg is comparatively high. (34395 USD Equivalent, rank 1/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary to tertiary education in Luxembourg is comparatively high. (28077 USD Equivalent, rank 1/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on tertiary education in Luxembourg is comparatively high. (1467 USD Equivalent, rank 5/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the annual expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively high. (29238 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student in primary to tertiary education is one the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27792 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Luxembourg is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (54384 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53905 USD Equivalent, rank 1/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary general education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30141 USD Equivalent, rank 1/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary vocational education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30902 USD Equivalent, rank 1/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Luxembourg, expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies. (3.3 %, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.4 %, rank 42/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0.1 %, rank 2/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0.4 %, rank 43/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0 %, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0.1 %, rank 37/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively low in Luxembourg. (3.1 %, rank 25/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The proportion of private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is comparatively low in Luxembourg. (0.1 %, rank 25/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Luxembourg is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.4 %, rank 29/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The percentage of capital expenditure on secondary education is relatively small in Luxembourg. (0 %, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.6 %, rank 36/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of private expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.6 %, rank 38/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on tertiary educational institutions is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 42/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Luxembourg has one of the smallest shares of private expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3 %, rank 37/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (7.3 %, rank 36/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, total public expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (0 %, rank 16/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively high. (3 %, rank 3/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for tertiary education is comparatively large in Luxembourg. (89.2 %, rank 6/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary to tertiary education is comparatively large. (93.9 %, rank 6/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Luxembourg, the share of capital expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.2 %, rank 10/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of capital expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 18/19 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of capital expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.8 %, rank 36/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of current expenditure on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (98.2 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in lower secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60.4 %, rank 32/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52 %, rank 36/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.7 %, rank 21/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education (bachelor's, master's, doctorate or equivalent education) is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35.3 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (36.2 %, rank 42/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (66 %, rank 29/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially high. (15.8 %, rank 5/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially high. (62.6 %, rank 6/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (16.1 %, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (22.3 %, rank 33/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (21.7 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in general upper secondary education in Luxembourg is relatively small. (55.8 %, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of women among teaching staff in vocational upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.4 %, rank 27/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers under 30 in lower secondary education is especially low in Luxembourg. (59.8 %, rank 32/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively small . (38.2 %, rank 36/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Females aged 50 or more represent a small proportion of teachers in primary education in Luxembourg. (75.9 %, rank 34/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in lower secondary education is especially low in Luxembourg. (58.8 %, rank 31/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in upper secondary education is especially low in Luxembourg. (46.5 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially low in Luxembourg. (29 %, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (54.3 %, rank 9/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (25.9 %, rank 21/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (12 %, rank 33/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (13 %, rank 34/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (32.7 %, rank 1/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (37.7 %, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of short-cycle tertiary female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (39.8 %, rank 19/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (27.3 %, rank 33/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers aged 50 or more in pre-primary education is especially low in Luxembourg (15.7 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in pre-primary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (67.2 %, rank 2/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the percentage of teachers aged 50 or more is particularly low in Luxembourg. (32.5 %, rank 25/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of upper secondary general education teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to the other countries with available data. (59.7 %, rank 7/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of upper secondary vocational education teachers aged 50 or more is relatively low, compared to the other countries with available data. (27.5 %, rank 28/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially high in Luxembourg. (10.8 %, rank 5/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the percentage of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in upper secondary vocational education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (61.8 %, rank 4/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged 50 or more in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Luxembourg, compared to the other countries with available data. (39.9 %, rank 16/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of post secondary non-tertiary education teachers under 30 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (3.9 %, rank 18/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Luxembourg, compared to other countries with available data. (56.2 %, rank 4/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (137418 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the change in statutory primary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (90 Index, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the change in statutory lower secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (92 Index, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the change in statutory upper secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (92 Index, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (137418 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (137418 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (128335 USD Equivalent, rank 1/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (128335 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The change in statutory pre-primary teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in their careers is comparatively small in Luxembourg. (90 Index, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    Starting salaries for lower secondary teachers with minimum training are especially high. (99621 USD Equivalent, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Salaries of lower secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially high. (124526 USD Equivalent, rank 1/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.4 Ratio, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.1 Ratio, rank 32/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (8.6 Ratio, rank 42/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially low. (9.6 Ratio, rank 29/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level is especially low. (8.9 Ratio, rank 38/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in secondary schools is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.9 Ratio, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff in short-cycle tertiary programmes is comparatively low in Luxembourg. (8.2 Ratio, rank 18/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff in post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low in Luxembourg. (6.7 Ratio, rank 19/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the ratio of students to teaching staff in bachelor's and tertiary advanced research programmes is one of the lowest compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.2 Ratio, rank 33/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the number of students per teacher in general upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.6 Ratio, rank 34/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially low in Luxembourg. (8.3 Ratio, rank 25/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the number of students per teacher in public lower secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.6 Ratio, rank 30/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in private institutions is especially low in Luxembourg. (9.5 Ratio, rank 28/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in independent private institutions is especially low in Luxembourg. (9 Ratio, rank 20/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the number of students per teacher in public upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.4 Ratio, rank 41/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level in government-dependent private institutions is especially low in Luxembourg. (8.3 Ratio, rank 21/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the number of students per teacher in all public secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.9 Ratio, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.8 Ratio, rank 32/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the secondary level in government-dependent private institutions is especially low in Luxembourg. (9.3 Ratio, rank 19/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the secondary level in independent private institutions is especially low in Luxembourg. (8.5 Ratio, rank 22/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (4.4 Ratio, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the number of students per teacher in public institutions short-cycle tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (8.2 Ratio, rank 18/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the number of students per teacher in public bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (4.2 Ratio, rank 34/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    The total compulsory instruction time for primary students in Luxembourg is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5544 Hours, rank 8/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the total intended instruction time for primary students (in hours per year) is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5544 Hours, rank 8/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, total intended instruction time for lower secondary students is among the shortest compared to other countries with available data. (2535 Hours, rank 25/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, compulsory instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (924 Hours, rank 9/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the intended instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (924 Hours, rank 9/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes are particularly small in lower secondary schools. (18 Students, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes are particularly small in primary schools. (16 Students, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of instruction days per year for lower secondary students is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (169 Days, rank 41/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in public primary institutions are comparatively small in Luxembourg. (15 Students, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary public institutions are comparatively small in Luxembourg. (18 Students, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In government-dependent private institutions at primary education level, the average class size is relatively small in Luxembourg among OECD and other partner countries with available data. (17 Students, rank 15/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, classes in primary education are comparatively small. (16 Students, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In government-dependent private institutions at lower secondary level, classes are one of the smallest in Luxembourg among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18 Students, rank 16/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In independent private institutions at lower secondary level, classes are one of the largest in Luxembourg among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23 Students, rank 4/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, classes in lower secondary education are comparatively small. (18 Students, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (79.8 %, rank 23/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (80.1 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (87.5 %, rank 29/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (71 %, rank 33/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (34.2 %, rank 36/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (64.9 %, rank 36/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (44 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (78.9 %, rank 9/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively high. (93.8 %, rank 4/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Luxembourg. (91.4 %, rank 10/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (73.4 %, rank 31/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (61.2 %, rank 31/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (76.7 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low. (88 %, rank 33/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (59 %, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (36.8 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (69 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (46 %, rank 38/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (32 %, rank 31/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (60.2 %, rank 35/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Luxembourg. (41.8 %, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high (80.7 %, rank 10/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (68.5 %, rank 28/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the share of employed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (73 %, rank 35/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Luxembourg compared to other countries with available data. (80 %, rank 2/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (79.5 %, rank 25/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of information and communication technologies is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (86.9 %, rank 24/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (80.1 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health and welfare is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (82.3 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (4.6 %, rank 10/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (6.2 %, rank 5/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (13.5 %, rank 10/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (14.6 %, rank 6/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (16.1 %, rank 10/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (22.4 %, rank 7/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (25.1 %, rank 3/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively high compared to other countries with available data. (33.4 %, rank 4/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (26.6 %, rank 8/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (23.9 %, rank 1/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (19.2 %, rank 3/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively high. (8 %, rank 9/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Earnings of foreign-born aged between 25 and 64 who work full- and part-time with a short cycle tertiary education are comparatively high. (130.2 %, rank 6/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the relative earnings of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor’s or equivalent attainment ranked among the strongest internationally. (143 Index, rank 5/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers without an upper secondary education earning at or below half the overall median in Luxembourg is one of the highest among countries with available data. (34 Index, rank 7/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (135 Index, rank 5/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (145 Index, rank 3/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (157 Index, rank 2/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (136 Index, rank 4/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (191 Index, rank 9/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers with tertiary education earning at or below half the overall median in Luxembourg is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (5 Index, rank 23/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (239 Index, rank 7/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (181 Index, rank 5/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (191 Index, rank 7/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Luxembourg. (230 Index, rank 3/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the relative earnings for 45-54 year-old workers with below upper secondary attainment are low compared to workers with upper secondary attainment (69 Index, rank 27/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    The earnings of men without an upper secondary education are relatively low compared to those of men with an upper secondary education. (78 Index, rank 21/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The earnings of women without an upper secondary education are relatively low compared to those of women with an upper secondary education. (67 Index, rank 27/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (91.4 %, rank 1/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (82.3 %, rank 4/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (88.6 %, rank 6/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education are one of the highest among countries with available data. (79.4 %, rank 4/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education are one of the highest among countries with available data. (81.9 %, rank 5/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the high among countries with available data. (89.2 %, rank 2/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Luxembourg, the proportion of young women's earnings as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with tertiary education working full-time full-year), is relatively high compared to OECD and other members with available data (89.9 %, rank 4/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds without an upper secondary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (76.8 %, rank 19/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (92.6 %, rank 2/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (96.7 %, rank 1/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (101.4 %, rank 1/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (85 %, rank 5/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (82.1 %, rank 7/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (96.5 %, rank 1/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (83 %, rank 6/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings by field of education

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Luxembourg who studied in the field of education, are high, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (99.3 %, rank 2/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Luxembourg who studied in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction, are low, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (97.4 %, rank 13/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Luxembourg who studied in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT), are low, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (101.7 %, rank 13/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Luxembourg who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics, are low, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (93.9 %, rank 13/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Luxembourg is relatively low. (5.5 %, rank 32/38 , 2024) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment among young adults has reached 48% on average across the OECD, the highest level ever, but progress has slowed since 2021. Attainment remains unequal, with women generally outpacing men, and older generations showing lower rates.
    • Employment outcomes for tertiary-educated adults remain strong overall: 87% of them are employed compared to 60% of those without upper seconday. Tertiary education offers good protection against unemployment, but women and disadvantaged groups still face labour market gaps, and inactivity persists among some adults. Moreover, adults with tertiary education earn on average 54% more than those with only upper secondary education.
    • Gender pay gaps remain significant. Despite higher attainment, women with tertiary education consistently earn less than men, even when working full-time, and this gap persists across age groups (73% on average for women aged 25 to 64).
    • Fields of study strongly influence labour market outcomes. Graduates in engineering and in health and welfare fare particularly well, while women’s participation in STEM remains below parity (14% of graduates at tertiary level) despite being 58% of all tertiary graduates.
    • Internationalisation continues to expand in tertiary education. The share of international students has grown steadily, and OECD countries host a large proportion of the world’s mobile students, reinforcing their global role in higher education.
    • Sustaining tertiary education requires adequate investment. Spending per student is already at 21 021 USD and rising, and tertiary expenditure represents a notable share of GDP (1.4% on average in OECD), making efficiency and equity crucial for long-term sustainability.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Access and Participation  | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Although many countries have near universal upper secondary attainment among 25–34 year-olds, on average across the OECD 13% of younger adults still lack an upper secondary qualification.
    • NEET shares are now below pre-pandemic levels in about half of OECD and partner countries with trend data; in 8 of these 16 countries the decline exceeds 1 percentage point, while 17 countries exceed pre-pandemic benchmarks and 6 saw increases of more than 2 percentage points.
    • Employment rates rise steadily with higher tertiary attainment: short-cycle 83%, bachelor’s 86%, master’s 90%, and doctoral or equivalent 93% among 25–64 year-olds.
    • Earnings premiums also increase with qualification level: on average across the OECD, short-cycle graduates earn 17% more than those with upper secondary; the advantage is 39% for bachelor’s and 83% for master’s/doctoral graduates.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 85% across the OECD. By contrast, only 29% of children under the age of 3 are enrolled.
    • Participation in early childhood education has grown over the past decade, with enrolment for children under age 3 increasing by 9 percentage points to 29%, and enrolment for ages 3 and above rising by 5 points to 85%.
    • The majority of students in vocational upper secondary education follow programmes that grant full access to tertiary education, with 76% of students enrolled in such programmes on average across the OECD.
    • Completion rates for bachelor’s programmes increase after the theoretical duration of programmes: on average, 44% of students graduate on time, compared to 69% three years after.
    • Students from Asia form the largest regional group of internationally mobile students in tertiary education, representing 58% of all foreign or international students across the OECD in 2023.
    • Only 43% of students complete a bachelor’s degree within the expected duration, though this rises to 59% with one additional year and 70% with three additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Governments spend on average USD 12 438 per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, and USD 15 102 per student in tertiary education including R&D.
    • Expenditure per student has risen in absolute terms since 2015, but its share in public budgets has declined, with government spending on education at almost 15% of total government expenditure on average in 2022.
    • Annual spending per student at primary and secondary levels varies widely across OECD countries, from under USD 3 000 in some systems to over USD 25 000 in the most highly funded ones.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education.
    • Spending per student differs markedly between public and private institutions, with expenditure in public tertiary institutions exceeding USD 33 000 in some countries, compared to less than USD 10 000 in others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
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    • Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 604 hours of compulsory instruction during primary and lower secondary education, with total hours ranging widely across education systems.
    • Compulsory instruction time averages 804 hours per year for primary students and 909 hours for lower secondary students, a difference of about 105 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in pre-primary education has fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2013 to 13 in 2023.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, teachers with 15 years of experience earn USD 55 725 at pre-primary level and USD 63 925 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries are 83–91% of the earnings of similarly educated tertiary-educated workers, while school heads usually earn more than tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • The ratio of students to academic staff is lower in public than in private institutions, averaging about 14 students per staff member in public tertiary institutions compared to 18 in private ones.
    • Nearly half of OECD and partner countries operate non-selective admission systems for first degrees, providing broad access to tertiary education, while entrance exams and centralised systems are also common.
    • The salaries of academic staff in tertiary education vary by seniority. On average, junior staff earn about 62 000 USD, while senior staff earn about 108 000 USD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Luxembourg
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Luxembourg
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.