Greece
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Greece
Overview of the education system (EAG 2025)
  • The share of 25-34 year-olds without upper secondary fell from 13% to 7% between 2019 and 2024, compared to an OECD average of 13%.
  • Unemployment remains high for those without upper secondary: 24.2% compared to 16.2% with upper secondary and 12.3% with tertiary attainment.
  • Master’s attainment remains low, with only 13% of 25-34 year-olds holding such a degree in 2024, below the OECD average of 16% but up from 9% in 2019.
  • Women accounted for 55% of first-time tertiary entrants in 2023, up from 54% in 2013, in line with the OECD average.
  • Field distribution of graduates at bachelor’s level shows 30% in STEM, compared to 19% in business, administration and law, and 24% in arts and humanities, social sciences, journalism and information.
  • The share of international students decreased from 3.4% to 3% between 2018 and 2023, while the OECD average rose from 6% to 7.4%.
  • In Greece, public funding covers 78.3% of primary to post-secondary non-tertiary education; shares are 80.2% in pre-primary and 78.3% in tertiary.
  • Expenditure per student rose slightly from USD 6,256 to USD 6,370 between 2015 and 2022, while education’s share of public budgets fell from 6.2% to 5.9%.
  • Primary teachers earn 31% less than other tertiary-educated workers, compared to 17% less across the OECD.
  • Instruction time is shorter than OECD averages, with 718 hours per year in primary and 791 in lower secondary, compared to 804 and 909 respectively.
    • | Education at a Glance 2025 | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2025 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Sport and Culture (in Greek) | EL.STAT. (Hellenic Statistical Authority) |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.4 %, rank 31/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a general upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.7 %, rank 4/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Greece has one of the lowest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.4 %, rank 27/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25.9 %, rank 6/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (31.2 %, rank 9/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    Greece has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old men whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.4 %, rank 27/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Greece has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old women whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.4 %, rank 27/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Greece is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.1 %, rank 31/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Greece has one of the smallest share of women among 55-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (40 %, rank 28/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Greece is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (40.5 %, rank 29/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Greece is one of the highest among countries with available data. (59.5 %, rank 9/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (17.9 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The average age of new entrants in tertiary education in Greece is comparatively young. (20.3 Years, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the average age of new entrants in master's programmes is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32.3 Years, rank 4/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in Greece is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (64.3 %, rank 3/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    In social sciences, journalism and information, female new entrants to doctoral programmes placed Greece among the smallest internationally. (50.2 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (85 %, rank 6/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30.5 %, rank 6/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35.5 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (70.1 %, rank 30/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of health and welfare is relatively small. (55.8 %, rank 30/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (18.5 %, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (71.5 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (66.2 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Greece is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (55.3 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in information and communication technologies in Greece is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (57.8 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Greece is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (53.3 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The percentage of students in public tertiary educational institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of female students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (37.2 %, rank 39/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of tertiary students enrolled in public institutions is relatively large. (3.3 %, rank 4/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of lower secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Greece is one of the lowest compared to other countries with available data. (16.6 %, rank 17/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Greece has one of the smallest shares of lower secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes. (1.6 %, rank 16/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Greece is relatively low compared to the other countries. (17.1 %, rank 35/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education in Greece is relatively low compared to the other countries. (5.5 %, rank 19/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Greece is among the lowest. (25.5 %, rank 26/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education is relatively large compared to other OECD or partner contries. (100 %, rank 1/15 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.3 %, rank 4/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in primary education in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 7/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students enrolled in lower secondary vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (33 %, rank 20/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from general programmes at the upper secondary level in Greece is comparatively low. (17.2 Years, rank 35/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the average age of post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (28 Years, rank 19/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of first-time master's graduates younger than 35 is relatively low. (61.8 %, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary general programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (49 %, rank 33/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (38.6 %, rank 34/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10 %, rank 10/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.9 %, rank 7/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.7 %, rank 36/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of arts and humaties in Greece is relatively large. (13.6 %, rank 9/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law in Greece is relatively small. (5 %, rank 35/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.8 %, rank 27/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.2 %, rank 2/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.2 %, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of tertiary graduates in STEM fields placed Greece among the largest internationally. (27.5 %, rank 9/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 8/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 6/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 6/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 2/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in the humanities and arts is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (11.9 %, rank 10/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.6 %, rank 3/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.8 %, rank 4/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively large. (11.7 %, rank 5/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7 %, rank 22/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the field of education is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (85.1 %, rank 10/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of arts and humanities is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (72.1 %, rank 5/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (41.1 %, rank 5/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of information and communication technologies is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (38.1 %, rank 2/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (35.3 %, rank 6/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Greece, new entrants to doctoral programmes in STEM were among the smallest across countries. (31.7 %, rank 31/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (13.5 %, rank 10/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of health and welfare is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (24.1 %, rank 8/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively low. (9.9 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of new entrants in engineering, manufacturing and construction master's programmes is relatively low in Greece among countries with available data. (7.1 %, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Greece has a small share of international students graduate from tertiary programmes compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (2.5 %, rank 25/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Greece has one of the smallest proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 38/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of international students entering bachelor's programmes is relatively low. (3.5 %, rank 31/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of international students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Greece is relatively small. (3 %, rank 35/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international and foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.3 %, rank 41/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of international graduates among bachelor's first-time graduates is relatively low. (2.5 %, rank 27/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of international graduates among first-time master's graduates is relatively low. (0.6 %, rank 30/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively low. (1.9 %, rank 30/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of international students among the new entrants in master's programmes in Greece is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.6 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.4 %, rank 39/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.3 %, rank 38/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.8 %, rank 40/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.5 %, rank 40/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.8 %, rank 37/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of arts and humanities among all international or foreign tertiary students in Greece is relatively high. (14.8 %, rank 6/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of social sciences, journalism and information among all international or foreign tertiary students in Greece is relatively high. (15.7 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of business, administration and law among all international or foreign tertiary students in Greece is relatively low. (13.8 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in Greece is relatively high. (12.7 %, rank 6/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of arts and humanities is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.6 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.7 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.1 %, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.3 %, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.5 %, rank 34/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of students enrolled in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary among all international or foreign tertiary students is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.9 %, rank 9/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5620 USD Equivalent, rank 40/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7137 USD Equivalent, rank 35/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per secondary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8339 USD Equivalent, rank 30/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3586 USD Equivalent, rank 34/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2034 USD Equivalent, rank 30/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Greece is comparatively low. (7848 USD Equivalent, rank 24/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on tertiary education in Greece is comparatively low. (3586 USD Equivalent, rank 28/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary to tertiary education in Greece is comparatively low. (6173 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on tertiary education in Greece is comparatively low. (0 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary educational services on primary to tertiary education in Greece is comparatively low. (164 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the annual expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively low. (8119 USD Equivalent, rank 31/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student in primary to tertiary education is one the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6370 USD Equivalent, rank 34/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure on public educational institutions per full-time equivalent student from primary to tertiary education is relatively lowest in Greece. (5986 USD Equivalent, rank 36/41 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Greece is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4497 USD Equivalent, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5017 USD Equivalent, rank 40/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary general education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6908 USD Equivalent, rank 25/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary vocational education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9703 USD Equivalent, rank 21/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Greece, expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (1.4 %, rank 33/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, expenditure on post secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (0.1 %, rank 4/23 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, public and private expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (2.7 %, rank 31/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (2.1 %, rank 40/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0.2 %, rank 1/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is small. (2.1 %, rank 28/31 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is high. (0.3 %, rank 9/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively low in Greece. (3 %, rank 26/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, international expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on tertiary education is relatively large. (0.1 %, rank 5/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.3 %, rank 9/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of private expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.4 %, rank 34/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on tertiary educational institutions is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.8 %, rank 33/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (5.9 %, rank 41/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, total public expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (1.8 %, rank 38/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, total public expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (2.1 %, rank 40/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, total public expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (0.1 %, rank 6/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively high. (8.9 %, rank 1/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively small. (79.1 %, rank 40/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure, for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Greece compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 42/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.4 %, rank 36/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.7 %, rank 35/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of current expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (99.3 %, rank 1/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on primary through tertiary is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.9 %, rank 4/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of current expenditure on primary through tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (86.1 %, rank 32/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.9 %, rank 33/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 18/19 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (44.3 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of current expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.7 %, rank 36/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The percentage of secondary teachers older than 50 is especially high. (56.4 %, rank 3/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 40 and 49 in secondary schools is especially small. (13.1 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (75.6 %, rank 34/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education (bachelor's, master's, doctorate or equivalent education) is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (37.7 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (37.7 %, rank 40/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (1.4 %, rank 36/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (1.6 %, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (5.7 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (42.5 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (43.7 %, rank 32/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (40.3 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (42.3 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially high. (52 %, rank 5/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers under 30 in lower secondary education is especially high in Greece. (77.9 %, rank 2/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively large. (58.5 %, rank 4/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Females aged 50 or more represent a small proportion of teachers in primary education in Greece. (64.9 %, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially low in Greece. (34.7 %, rank 30/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (44.5 %, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (44.5 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (54.4 %, rank 2/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (1.1 %, rank 31/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (1.1 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (34.7 %, rank 30/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers aged 50 or more in pre-primary education is especially high in Greece (35.1 %, rank 10/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of teachers under 30 in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8 %, rank 31/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the percentage of teachers aged 50 or more is particularly high in Greece. (62.6 %, rank 2/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers under 30 in Greece is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.1 %, rank 33/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of upper secondary general education teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to the other countries with available data. (36.3 %, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of upper secondary vocational education teachers aged 50 or more is relatively high, compared to the other countries with available data. (50.6 %, rank 7/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially low in Greece. (2.4 %, rank 30/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged 50 or more in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Greece, compared to the other countries with available data. (34.7 %, rank 19/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of post secondary non-tertiary education teachers under 30 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (5 %, rank 14/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Greece, compared to other countries with available data. (60.3 %, rank 2/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30627 USD Equivalent, rank 36/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30627 USD Equivalent, rank 36/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30627 USD Equivalent, rank 29/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30627 USD Equivalent, rank 36/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of pre-primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.68 Ratio, rank 15/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.68 Ratio, rank 17/19 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.69 Ratio, rank 17/19 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of upper secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.69 Ratio, rank 17/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the change in statutory primary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (92 Index, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the change in statutory lower secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (92 Index, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the change in statutory upper secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (92 Index, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual pre-primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30994 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30994 USD Equivalent, rank 32/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual lower secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32297 USD Equivalent, rank 32/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual upper secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32297 USD Equivalent, rank 32/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30627 USD Equivalent, rank 37/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30627 USD Equivalent, rank 37/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30627 USD Equivalent, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30627 USD Equivalent, rank 37/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary female teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year women workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.84 Ratio, rank 21/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary male teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year men workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.68 Ratio, rank 18/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salary of 25-64 year-old lower secondary female teachers is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32678 USD Equivalent, rank 25/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salary 25-64 year-old lower secondary teachers is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33809 USD Equivalent, rank 25/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 25-34 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.65 Ratio, rank 27/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 35-44 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.62 Ratio, rank 26/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.65 Ratio, rank 26/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-34 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Greece relatively compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (20875 USD Equivalent, rank 27/27 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 35-44 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Greece. (26449 USD Equivalent, rank 27/27 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 45-54 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Greece. (33450 USD Equivalent, rank 26/27 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Greece. (37657 USD Equivalent, rank 26/27 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The change in statutory pre-primary teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in their careers is comparatively small in Greece. (92 Index, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    The salary progression from the start to the top of the salary scale for a lower secondary school teacher is among the most rewarding among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.93 Ratio, rank 6/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for lower secondary teachers with minimum training are especially low. (23363 USD Equivalent, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Salaries of lower secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (28205 USD Equivalent, rank 38/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for upper secondary teachers with minimum training are especially low. (23363 USD Equivalent, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Salaries of upper secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (28205 USD Equivalent, rank 38/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for pre-primary teachers with minimum training are especially low. (23363 USD Equivalent, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Salaries of pre-primary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (28205 USD Equivalent, rank 29/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    It takes lower secondary teachers longer to progress through the salary scale in Greece compared to other OECD and partner countries. (36 Years, rank 5/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In lower secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively high. (1.93 Ratio, rank 5/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Pre-primary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.91 Ratio, rank 13/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Primary school 25-64 year-old heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.91 Ratio, rank 15/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Lower-secondary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.95 Ratio, rank 14/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Upper-secondary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.95 Ratio, rank 15/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old pre-primary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (43686 USD Equivalent, rank 21/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old primary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (43686 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old lower secondary education school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (49286 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average upper-secondary school heads' actual salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49286 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 35-44 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (43420 USD Equivalent, rank 23/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 45-54 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (47282 USD Equivalent, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (50193 USD Equivalent, rank 23/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of lower secondary men school heads aged 25 to 64 is one of the lowest in Greece. (49412 USD Equivalent, rank 23/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of lower secondary women school heads aged 25 to 64 is one of the lowest in Greece. (48819 USD Equivalent, rank 23/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49 Ratio, rank 1/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.1 Ratio, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (8.2 Ratio, rank 43/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially low. (7.9 Ratio, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level is especially low. (9.3 Ratio, rank 37/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in secondary schools is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.5 Ratio, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in general upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.9 Ratio, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially low in Greece. (8.2 Ratio, rank 26/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in public lower secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.7 Ratio, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in public upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.2 Ratio, rank 37/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in all public secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.4 Ratio, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (49 Ratio, rank 2/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in public bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the highest among countries with available data. (49 Ratio, rank 2/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In Greece, the intended instruction time for lower secondary students (in hours per year) is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1029 Hours, rank 8/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the total intended instruction time for primary students (in hours per year) is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6591 Hours, rank 3/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The total compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students in Greece is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2373 Hours, rank 35/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, total intended instruction time for primary and lower secondary students (in hours per year) is among the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9679 Hours, rank 5/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the intended instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1099 Hours, rank 2/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students, in hours per year, is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (791 Hours, rank 36/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes are particularly small in primary schools. (17 Students, rank 32/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of instruction days per year for lower secondary students is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (160 Days, rank 44/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of instruction days per year for primary students is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (169 Days, rank 42/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in public primary institutions are comparatively small in Greece. (17 Students, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in in private primary institutions are comparatively large in Greece. (22 Students, rank 9/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary private institutions are comparatively large in Greece. (23 Students, rank 8/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, classes in primary education are comparatively small. (17 Students, rank 32/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In independent private institutions at lower secondary level, classes are one of the largest in Greece among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23 Students, rank 4/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (56.6 %, rank 30/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (79 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (87.6 %, rank 28/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (91.4 %, rank 22/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (66.3 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Greece. (49.8 %, rank 33/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (79 %, rank 35/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (68.2 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (67.4 %, rank 34/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (55.6 %, rank 32/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (75.6 %, rank 32/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (61.8 %, rank 33/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (77.9 %, rank 31/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (74 %, rank 32/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (79.9 %, rank 31/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (75.7 %, rank 33/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (86.6 %, rank 34/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (75.8 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Greece. (78.4 %, rank 30/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Greece. (80.4 %, rank 21/21 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Greece. (80.4 %, rank 32/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (81.4 %, rank 35/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (69.8 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men without upper secondary education is comparatively high. (76 %, rank 8/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low. (85.2 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (56.1 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low. (78.2 %, rank 33/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (81.2 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (78.1 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Greece. (26.3 %, rank 33/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (77.4 %, rank 31/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (53.4 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (71 %, rank 36/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (62.3 %, rank 33/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (84.3 %, rank 30/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.8 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (62.6 %, rank 33/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Greece compared to other countries with available data. (45.8 %, rank 33/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Greece. (72.7 %, rank 30/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (78 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (81 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (86.7 %, rank 21/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (82.9 %, rank 21/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (87.8 %, rank 22/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health and welfare is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (79.4 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively high. (24.2 %, rank 3/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (12.3 %, rank 2/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (6.9 %, rank 4/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (7.7 %, rank 2/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (5.4 %, rank 2/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (5.1 %, rank 1/14 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (11.6 %, rank 1/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (10.5 %, rank 4/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64, with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (16.9 %, rank 22/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the largest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (56.4 %, rank 6/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (13.7 %, rank 27/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 3 months to less than 12 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (28.6 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (14.4 %, rank 28/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 3 months to less than 12 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (29.5 %, rank 26/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the largest in Greece, compared to OECD countries. (56.1 %, rank 2/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (15 %, rank 1/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (17.4 %, rank 2/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Greece. (12.8 %, rank 2/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Greece. (19.6 %, rank 1/10 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Greece. (11.1 %, rank 2/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Greece. (19.1 %, rank 5/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively high in Greece. (10.9 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Greece. (37.6 %, rank 4/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively high in Greece. (13.4 %, rank 3/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (10.8 %, rank 2/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (22.6 %, rank 1/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.8 %, rank 4/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.9 %, rank 6/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.7 %, rank 1/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (8 %, rank 6/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Greece. (19.8 %, rank 2/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Greece. (16.3 %, rank 2/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (25.2 %, rank 10/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (14.4 %, rank 7/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (3.7 %, rank 16/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (9.6 %, rank 6/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (43 %, rank 1/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (12.6 %, rank 7/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (26 %, rank 3/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women without an upper secondary education is relatively high. (57.9 %, rank 7/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively low compared to other countries with available data. (17 %, rank 34/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (42.8 %, rank 3/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (38.7 %, rank 3/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (7.9 %, rank 29/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (32.2 %, rank 7/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (33.8 %, rank 6/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively high. (8.8 %, rank 5/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively high. (9.6 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of youth who have been unemployed for at least one year and not in formal education or training among 18-24 year-olds in Greece is one of the highest among countries with available data. (7.2 %, rank 1/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (85.5 %, rank 2/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (37.3 %, rank 8/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training without an upper secondary in Greece is relatively high. (57.1 %, rank 3/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (47.5 %, rank 2/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (24.8 %, rank 1/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Greece is relatively high (33.3 %, rank 1/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (38 %, rank 4/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (20.5 %, rank 2/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Greece is relatively high. (27.2 %, rank 3/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (42.8 %, rank 3/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (22.7 %, rank 2/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary in Greece is relatively high. (30.3 %, rank 2/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (19.1 %, rank 7/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (15.8 %, rank 4/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Greece is relatively high. (17.8 %, rank 4/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (9 %, rank 2/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (8.3 %, rank 4/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (9.5 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (9.9 %, rank 5/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (9.2 %, rank 2/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.6 %, rank 3/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 20-24 year-old men in Greece, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (20.8 %, rank 3/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 25-29 year-old men in Greece, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (21.4 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old men neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (18.5 %, rank 8/37 , 2024) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment among young adults has reached 48% on average across the OECD, the highest level ever, but progress has slowed since 2021. Attainment remains unequal, with women generally outpacing men, and older generations showing lower rates.
    • Employment outcomes for tertiary-educated adults remain strong overall: 87% of them are employed compared to 60% of those without upper seconday. Tertiary education offers good protection against unemployment, but women and disadvantaged groups still face labour market gaps, and inactivity persists among some adults. Moreover, adults with tertiary education earn on average 54% more than those with only upper secondary education.
    • Gender pay gaps remain significant. Despite higher attainment, women with tertiary education consistently earn less than men, even when working full-time, and this gap persists across age groups (73% on average for women aged 25 to 64).
    • Fields of study strongly influence labour market outcomes. Graduates in engineering and in health and welfare fare particularly well, while women’s participation in STEM remains below parity (14% of graduates at tertiary level) despite being 58% of all tertiary graduates.
    • Internationalisation continues to expand in tertiary education. The share of international students has grown steadily, and OECD countries host a large proportion of the world’s mobile students, reinforcing their global role in higher education.
    • Sustaining tertiary education requires adequate investment. Spending per student is already at 21 021 USD and rising, and tertiary expenditure represents a notable share of GDP (1.4% on average in OECD), making efficiency and equity crucial for long-term sustainability.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Access and Participation  | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Although many countries have near universal upper secondary attainment among 25–34 year-olds, on average across the OECD 13% of younger adults still lack an upper secondary qualification.
    • NEET shares are now below pre-pandemic levels in about half of OECD and partner countries with trend data; in 8 of these 16 countries the decline exceeds 1 percentage point, while 17 countries exceed pre-pandemic benchmarks and 6 saw increases of more than 2 percentage points.
    • Employment rates rise steadily with higher tertiary attainment: short-cycle 83%, bachelor’s 86%, master’s 90%, and doctoral or equivalent 93% among 25–64 year-olds.
    • Earnings premiums also increase with qualification level: on average across the OECD, short-cycle graduates earn 17% more than those with upper secondary; the advantage is 39% for bachelor’s and 83% for master’s/doctoral graduates.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 85% across the OECD. By contrast, only 29% of children under the age of 3 are enrolled.
    • Participation in early childhood education has grown over the past decade, with enrolment for children under age 3 increasing by 9 percentage points to 29%, and enrolment for ages 3 and above rising by 5 points to 85%.
    • The majority of students in vocational upper secondary education follow programmes that grant full access to tertiary education, with 76% of students enrolled in such programmes on average across the OECD.
    • Completion rates for bachelor’s programmes increase after the theoretical duration of programmes: on average, 44% of students graduate on time, compared to 69% three years after.
    • Students from Asia form the largest regional group of internationally mobile students in tertiary education, representing 58% of all foreign or international students across the OECD in 2023.
    • Only 43% of students complete a bachelor’s degree within the expected duration, though this rises to 59% with one additional year and 70% with three additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Governments spend on average USD 12 438 per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, and USD 15 102 per student in tertiary education including R&D.
    • Expenditure per student has risen in absolute terms since 2015, but its share in public budgets has declined, with government spending on education at almost 15% of total government expenditure on average in 2022.
    • Annual spending per student at primary and secondary levels varies widely across OECD countries, from under USD 3 000 in some systems to over USD 25 000 in the most highly funded ones.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education.
    • Spending per student differs markedly between public and private institutions, with expenditure in public tertiary institutions exceeding USD 33 000 in some countries, compared to less than USD 10 000 in others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 604 hours of compulsory instruction during primary and lower secondary education, with total hours ranging widely across education systems.
    • Compulsory instruction time averages 804 hours per year for primary students and 909 hours for lower secondary students, a difference of about 105 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in pre-primary education has fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2013 to 13 in 2023.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, teachers with 15 years of experience earn USD 55 725 at pre-primary level and USD 63 925 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries are 83–91% of the earnings of similarly educated tertiary-educated workers, while school heads usually earn more than tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • The ratio of students to academic staff is lower in public than in private institutions, averaging about 14 students per staff member in public tertiary institutions compared to 18 in private ones.
    • Nearly half of OECD and partner countries operate non-selective admission systems for first degrees, providing broad access to tertiary education, while entrance exams and centralised systems are also common.
    • The salaries of academic staff in tertiary education vary by seniority. On average, junior staff earn about 62 000 USD, while senior staff earn about 108 000 USD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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				Key
            
    
            Diagram of funding flows - Greece
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Greece
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.