France
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France
Overview of the education system (EAG 2025)
  • Tertiary attainment reached 53% of 25-34 year-olds in 2024, up by 5 points since 2019 and above the OECD average of 48%. Over the same period, the share without upper secondary education fell from 13% to 11%.
  • Master’s attainment is high, with 26% of young adults holding a master’s or equivalent degree in 2024, compared to the OECD average of 16%. This marks strong growth from 20% in 2019, placing France among the leaders in postgraduate education.
  • Unemployment among young adults remains above OECD averages: 18.5% for those without upper secondary, 9.9% for those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, and 6.3% for those with tertiary education.
  • Field distribution of graduates differs from OECD norms, with 34% earning degrees in business, administration and law, 26% in arts and humanities, and 19% in STEM in 2023, rather than the OECD’s nearly even balance across these areas.
  • In 2024, France had a largely open-access tertiary admission system, with a 95% acceptance rate—the highest among 20 countries. Of those accepted, 83% enrolled, showing strong demand for higher education places.
  • Completion rates in public universities remain low: only 34% of new entrants completed a bachelor’s degree on time in 2023, rising to 46% after one year. This compares to OECD averages of 43% on time and 59% with an extra year.
  • The share of international students increased from 8.8% in 2018 to 9.7% in 2023. Among them, 52% come from Africa, 22% from Asia, and 17% from Europe, underscoring France’s role as a key global destination.
    • | Education at a Glance 2025 | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2025 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: France | Ministère de l'éducation nationale (Ministry of National Education, in French) | Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (Ministry of Higher Education and Research, in French) |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 29/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12 %, rank 8/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (14.8 %, rank 29/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (0.7 %, rank 9/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (25.8 %, rank 5/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (50.1 %, rank 9/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    France has one of the largest share of women among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (47.3 %, rank 6/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (11.4 %, rank 8/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (12.7 %, rank 7/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in France is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (52.7 %, rank 29/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (4.7 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (6.6 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The share of female students entering bachelor's programmes in France is relatively large. (57.6 %, rank 6/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in France is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (46 %, rank 35/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the average age of new entrants in short-cycle programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.2 Years, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the average age of new entrants in doctoral programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27.9 Years, rank 39/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the average age of new entrants in bachelor's programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.2 Years, rank 35/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of new female entrants in master's long first degree (LFD) programmes is relatively low. (45.2 %, rank 26/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the average age of new entrants in master's programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.1 Years, rank 36/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in France is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (54.6 %, rank 35/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    Female new entrants in services bachelor’s programmes were among the smallest across countries with available data. (35 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (47.5 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.1 %, rank 27/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively small. (40.4 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.6 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering short cycle tertiary programmes in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in France is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (38.9 %, rank 19/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (37 %, rank 18/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    Enrolment in early childhood education (ISCED 0) among 3- to 5-year-olds placed France among the highest across countries. (99.8 %, rank 1/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Enrolment in pre-primary education (ISCED 02) among 3- to 5-year-olds in France was among the highest internationally. (99.8 %, rank 1/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of children under age 3 in pre-primary education (ISCED 02) placed France among the highest across countries. (3.5 %, rank 7/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 15–19-year-olds in post-secondary non-tertiary general programmes was among the highest across participating countries. (0 %, rank 8/10 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of tertiary students enrolled in public institutions is relatively small. (0.1 %, rank 20/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Among 6–14-year-olds, enrolment in lower secondary programmes in France ranked among the highest internationally. (44.3 %, rank 5/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the enrolment rate of children under 3 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.5 %, rank 33/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (58 %, rank 34/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at all early childhood education level is comparatively low. (13.9 %, rank 29/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education in France is relatively high compared to the other countries. (42 %, rank 6/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes in France is among the lowest. (26 %, rank 24/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary vocational programmes are proportionally more in France than in the other countries. (100 %, rank 1/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of below-two year-olds in early childhood education in France is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 32/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in France is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 24/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in short-cycle tertiary programmes in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.4 %, rank 3/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in primary education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 7/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in ECEC in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (99.4 %, rank 5/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (62.8 %, rank 7/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from general programmes at the upper secondary level in France is comparatively low. (17.1 Years, rank 38/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.2 %, rank 44/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35.8 %, rank 4/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.5 %, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.8 %, rank 34/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in France is relatively large. (48.1 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of health and welfare in France is relatively small. (4.1 %, rank 41/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.6 %, rank 9/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively low. (1.1 %, rank 23/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively low. (11.1 %, rank 21/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is relatively low. (5.6 %, rank 23/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 7/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 8/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 7/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 6/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (4 %, rank 4/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of STEM is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3 %, rank 10/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 6/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 5/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 2/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (5.6 %, rank 44/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in social sciences, business and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (37.5 %, rank 3/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of education is relatively low in France. (2.4 %, rank 37/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of male tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33.6 %, rank 6/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of services is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (43.5 %, rank 22/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field health and welfare is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries. (89.2 %, rank 4/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (43.3 %, rank 38/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates

    The completion rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme was among the lowest across countries with available data. (38.7 %, rank 25/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, the completion rate to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme placed France among countries with the lowest values. (27.4 %, rank 25/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Completion rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the theoretical duration ranked France among the countries with the lowest levels. (34.3 %, rank 25/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes, measured by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year, were among the lowest across participating countries. (50.5 %, rank 26/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year were among the lowest in France compared to other countries. (38.4 %, rank 26/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    By the end of the theoretical duration plus one year, completion rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes placed France among the lowest across countries with available data. (45.7 %, rank 26/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of education is relatively low. (3.2 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is relatively low. (3.4 %, rank 35/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, new entrants to doctoral programmes in STEM were among the largest across countries. (52.1 %, rank 5/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively small. (0.6 %, rank 29/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (14.1 %, rank 8/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (5.4 %, rank 9/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively high. (31.3 %, rank 4/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of new entrants in education bachelor's programmes is comparatively smallest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.2 %, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of new entrants in Information and communication technologies bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.3 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of new entrants in engineering, manufacturing and construction bachelor's programmes is relatively low in France among countries with available data. (7.1 %, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of new entrants in Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary bachelor's programmes is especially lowest, compared to the other countries with other data. (0.3 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of new entrants in health and welfare master's programmes is relatively lowest, compared to other countries with available data. (10.2 %, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    The share of worldwide foreign and international students is one of the large among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.9 %, rank 8/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, international or foreign students from Africa are highest represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.3 %, rank 2/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    (1 %, rank 8/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of arts and humanities among all international or foreign tertiary students in France is relatively high. (14.4 %, rank 7/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of business, administration and law among all international or foreign tertiary students in France is relatively high. (30.9 %, rank 8/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in France is relatively high. (13.4 %, rank 5/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of students enrolled in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary among all international or foreign tertiary students is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.8 %, rank 29/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on tertiary education in France is comparatively high. (14609 USD Equivalent, rank 9/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on tertiary education in France is comparatively high. (937 USD Equivalent, rank 9/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary general education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16827 USD Equivalent, rank 9/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary vocational education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20556 USD Equivalent, rank 5/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In France, expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies. (5.4 %, rank 10/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (2.5 %, rank 1/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (1.7 %, rank 8/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0.4 %, rank 7/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 4/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is high. (0.3 %, rank 9/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively high in France. (4.6 %, rank 8/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The proportion of private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is comparatively high in France. (0.8 %, rank 6/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in France is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.1 %, rank 9/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    In France, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (8 %, rank 34/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, total public expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (2 %, rank 35/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, total public expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (0 %, rank 16/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively low. (0.6 %, rank 22/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In France, the share of current expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (89.4 %, rank 16/20 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in pre-primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (91.5 %, rank 36/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (56 %, rank 32/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (42.2 %, rank 18/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers under 30 in lower secondary education is especially low in France. (64 %, rank 27/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively small . (45.9 %, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in lower secondary education is especially low in France. (63.2 %, rank 27/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially low in France. (39.4 %, rank 27/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (46.7 %, rank 27/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary female teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (49.1 %, rank 16/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (45.4 %, rank 32/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of teachers under 30 in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.8 %, rank 26/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of male teachers in pre-primary education is especially high in France. (8.5 %, rank 5/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially high in France. (8.8 %, rank 9/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of post secondary non-tertiary education teachers under 30 is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (10.3 %, rank 3/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in France, compared to other countries with available data. (45.4 %, rank 16/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    France had some of the highest actual salaries for junior academic staff in bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent programmes, in public institutions. (76970 USD Equivalent, rank 4/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    For other academic staff not on an academic career track, actual salaries in France were among the highest across countries with available data. (45598 USD Equivalent, rank 9/10 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employed doctoral candidates in France received some of the highest actual salaries among the countries with available data. (37834 USD Equivalent, rank 4/5 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Pre-primary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in France. (0.88 Ratio, rank 15/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Primary school 25-64 year-old heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in France. (0.88 Ratio, rank 17/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old primary school heads is one of the lowest in France. (62334 USD Equivalent, rank 22/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the average actual salaries of 25-34 year-old lower-secondary school heads is relatively low compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (62355 USD Equivalent, rank 12/17 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.7 Ratio, rank 2/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (18.1 Ratio, rank 7/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially high. (14.7 Ratio, rank 9/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff in short-cycle tertiary programmes is comparatively low in France. (9.3 Ratio, rank 16/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially low in France. (7.9 Ratio, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the number of students per teacher in public lower secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.3 Ratio, rank 9/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in private institutions is especially high in France. (16.9 Ratio, rank 4/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.5 Ratio, rank 6/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the number of students per teacher in public institutions short-cycle tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (9.3 Ratio, rank 15/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In France, the intended instruction time for lower secondary students (in hours per year) is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1189 Hours, rank 3/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The total compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students in France is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3890 Hours, rank 7/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, total intended instruction time for lower secondary students is among the longest compared to other countries with available data. (4754 Hours, rank 4/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, total intended instruction time for primary and lower secondary students (in hours per year) is among the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9074 Hours, rank 6/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes are particularly large in primary schools. (22 Students, rank 7/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in in private primary institutions are comparatively large in France. (25 Students, rank 5/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary public institutions are comparatively large in France. (25 Students, rank 10/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary private institutions are comparatively large in France. (27 Students, rank 3/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (74.9 %, rank 30/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (78.5 %, rank 26/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (78.3 %, rank 33/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively low in France. (63.2 %, rank 29/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in France. (58.6 %, rank 33/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (71.4 %, rank 25/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (84.9 %, rank 28/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of employed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (78.2 %, rank 34/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (82.1 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (86.5 %, rank 22/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (91.1 %, rank 4/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively high. (18.5 %, rank 7/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (6.3 %, rank 10/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (4.4 %, rank 7/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (3.3 %, rank 4/14 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (6.4 %, rank 8/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (7.1 %, rank 10/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (9.2 %, rank 5/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (12.1 %, rank 6/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in France. (7.7 %, rank 6/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in France. (8.7 %, rank 3/10 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in France. (5.5 %, rank 10/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in France. (18.3 %, rank 8/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively high in France. (6.2 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (8.6 %, rank 5/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (10 %, rank 6/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.4 %, rank 8/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (7 %, rank 8/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.9 %, rank 7/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in France. (10.9 %, rank 10/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in France. (13.2 %, rank 4/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (13.5 %, rank 10/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 9/9 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (3.7 %, rank 16/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (4.9 %, rank 24/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (5.8 %, rank 26/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (7 %, rank 18/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (19.9 %, rank 9/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (15.1 %, rank 10/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (7.1 %, rank 8/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (16.8 %, rank 3/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (16.5 %, rank 5/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively low. (8 %, rank 30/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of men without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in France is relatively high (40.5 %, rank 5/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training without an upper secondary in France is relatively high. (47.8 %, rank 9/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in France is relatively high (19.9 %, rank 3/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in France is relatively high (22.2 %, rank 7/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in France is relatively high (15.9 %, rank 5/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in France is relatively high. (22.3 %, rank 5/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in France is relatively high. (16.9 %, rank 7/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary in France is relatively high. (22.3 %, rank 9/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in France is relatively high. (6 %, rank 7/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in France is relatively high. (6.5 %, rank 10/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in France is relatively high. (7.6 %, rank 6/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in France is relatively high. (10 %, rank 4/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in France is relatively high. (6.8 %, rank 7/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.7 %, rank 10/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 20-24 year-old men in France, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (19.9 %, rank 6/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 25-29 year-old men in France, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (15.8 %, rank 7/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old men neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (18.5 %, rank 8/37 , 2024) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment among young adults has reached 48% on average across the OECD, the highest level ever, but progress has slowed since 2021. Attainment remains unequal, with women generally outpacing men, and older generations showing lower rates.
    • Employment outcomes for tertiary-educated adults remain strong overall: 87% of them are employed compared to 60% of those without upper seconday. Tertiary education offers good protection against unemployment, but women and disadvantaged groups still face labour market gaps, and inactivity persists among some adults. Moreover, adults with tertiary education earn on average 54% more than those with only upper secondary education.
    • Gender pay gaps remain significant. Despite higher attainment, women with tertiary education consistently earn less than men, even when working full-time, and this gap persists across age groups (73% on average for women aged 25 to 64).
    • Fields of study strongly influence labour market outcomes. Graduates in engineering and in health and welfare fare particularly well, while women’s participation in STEM remains below parity (14% of graduates at tertiary level) despite being 58% of all tertiary graduates.
    • Internationalisation continues to expand in tertiary education. The share of international students has grown steadily, and OECD countries host a large proportion of the world’s mobile students, reinforcing their global role in higher education.
    • Sustaining tertiary education requires adequate investment. Spending per student is already at 21 021 USD and rising, and tertiary expenditure represents a notable share of GDP (1.4% on average in OECD), making efficiency and equity crucial for long-term sustainability.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Access and Participation  | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Although many countries have near universal upper secondary attainment among 25–34 year-olds, on average across the OECD 13% of younger adults still lack an upper secondary qualification.
    • NEET shares are now below pre-pandemic levels in about half of OECD and partner countries with trend data; in 8 of these 16 countries the decline exceeds 1 percentage point, while 17 countries exceed pre-pandemic benchmarks and 6 saw increases of more than 2 percentage points.
    • Employment rates rise steadily with higher tertiary attainment: short-cycle 83%, bachelor’s 86%, master’s 90%, and doctoral or equivalent 93% among 25–64 year-olds.
    • Earnings premiums also increase with qualification level: on average across the OECD, short-cycle graduates earn 17% more than those with upper secondary; the advantage is 39% for bachelor’s and 83% for master’s/doctoral graduates.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 85% across the OECD. By contrast, only 29% of children under the age of 3 are enrolled.
    • Participation in early childhood education has grown over the past decade, with enrolment for children under age 3 increasing by 9 percentage points to 29%, and enrolment for ages 3 and above rising by 5 points to 85%.
    • The majority of students in vocational upper secondary education follow programmes that grant full access to tertiary education, with 76% of students enrolled in such programmes on average across the OECD.
    • Completion rates for bachelor’s programmes increase after the theoretical duration of programmes: on average, 44% of students graduate on time, compared to 69% three years after.
    • Students from Asia form the largest regional group of internationally mobile students in tertiary education, representing 58% of all foreign or international students across the OECD in 2023.
    • Only 43% of students complete a bachelor’s degree within the expected duration, though this rises to 59% with one additional year and 70% with three additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Governments spend on average USD 12 438 per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, and USD 15 102 per student in tertiary education including R&D.
    • Expenditure per student has risen in absolute terms since 2015, but its share in public budgets has declined, with government spending on education at almost 15% of total government expenditure on average in 2022.
    • Annual spending per student at primary and secondary levels varies widely across OECD countries, from under USD 3 000 in some systems to over USD 25 000 in the most highly funded ones.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education.
    • Spending per student differs markedly between public and private institutions, with expenditure in public tertiary institutions exceeding USD 33 000 in some countries, compared to less than USD 10 000 in others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
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    • Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 604 hours of compulsory instruction during primary and lower secondary education, with total hours ranging widely across education systems.
    • Compulsory instruction time averages 804 hours per year for primary students and 909 hours for lower secondary students, a difference of about 105 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in pre-primary education has fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2013 to 13 in 2023.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, teachers with 15 years of experience earn USD 55 725 at pre-primary level and USD 63 925 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries are 83–91% of the earnings of similarly educated tertiary-educated workers, while school heads usually earn more than tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • The ratio of students to academic staff is lower in public than in private institutions, averaging about 14 students per staff member in public tertiary institutions compared to 18 in private ones.
    • Nearly half of OECD and partner countries operate non-selective admission systems for first degrees, providing broad access to tertiary education, while entrance exams and centralised systems are also common.
    • The salaries of academic staff in tertiary education vary by seniority. On average, junior staff earn about 62 000 USD, while senior staff earn about 108 000 USD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - France
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
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            Country Reviews for France
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.