Finland
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Finland
Overview of the education system (EAG 2025)
  • Tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds fell from 40% in 2021 to 39% in 2024, below the OECD average of 48%. Finland is one of only six OECD and partner countries with a decline. The government revised its 2030 target to “as close to 50% as possible”, introducing a new funding model prioritizing first-time students, timely completion, and expanded study places.
  • Unemployment among young adults without upper secondary education rose sharply, from 17% in 2019 to 23% in 2024. This is among the highest across OECD countries and far above the OECD average of 13%.
  • Tertiary expenditure per student fell by 14% between 2015 and 2022, in contrast with an OECD average increase of 9%. Finland spends USD 10,850 per student excluding R&D, below both the OECD average and the Nordic benchmark of over USD 13,000. While 89% of funding comes from public sources (OECD average 71.9%), private and non-domestic contributions remain comparatively low at USD 2,316 per student.
  • In Finland, foreign students in master’s programmes paid USD 14,292 annually in 2022, while tuition for nationals remained free. From August 2026, full-cost tuition fees will apply to non-EU/EEA students in non-Finnish/Swedish degree programmes, with an application fee starting in August 2025.
  • Participation in early childhood education has risen rapidly: for children under 3 years, enrolment grew from 28% in 2013 to 40% in 2023 (OECD: 20% to 29%), and for ages 3–5, rates rose from 74% to 89%, above the OECD average of 85% in 2023.
    • | Education at a Glance 2025 | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2025 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Finland | Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö (Ministry of Education and Culture) | Tilastokeskus/Statistikcentralen (Statistics Finland) |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (51 %, rank 6/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (39 %, rank 31/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (40.6 %, rank 6/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (39 %, rank 10/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a general upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.4 %, rank 28/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (1.4 %, rank 9/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13 %, rank 31/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (38.8 %, rank 6/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31.6 %, rank 32/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Finland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.5 %, rank 30/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (6.1 %, rank 25/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of law is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1.8 %, rank 17/17 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3.6 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health (medical and dental) is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (2.3 %, rank 12/12 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The share of new entrants younger than 25 in bachelor's or equivalent programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (70.1 %, rank 38/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Finland is one of the largest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (56.8 %, rank 4/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of first-time entrants into tertiary education younger than 25 is relatively low. (69.5 %, rank 31/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of new entrants in tertiary education in Finland is comparatively old. (24.2 Years, rank 5/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of first-time entrants into master's or equivalent programmes before the age of 30 is relatively low. (45.7 %, rank 37/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the average age of new entrants in master's programmes is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32.7 Years, rank 3/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in Finland is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (62.9 %, rank 6/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (84 %, rank 7/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60 %, rank 5/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (83.8 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (20 %, rank 30/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Finland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (28.7 %, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (37.2 %, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in education in Finland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (11 %, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in health and welfare in Finland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (15.9 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The enrolment rate among 15-19 year-olds in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (87.6 %, rank 10/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (67.9 %, rank 6/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students in government-dependent private tertiary educational institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.6 %, rank 6/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of tertiary students enrolled in public institutions is relatively small. (0 %, rank 24/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Among 6–14-year-olds, enrolment in lower secondary programmes in Finland ranked among the lowest internationally. (22.2 %, rank 42/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students in upper secondary general programmes placed Finland among the largest across countries. (58.2 %, rank 7/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Finland is relatively high compared to the other countries. (28.4 %, rank 4/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Finland is among the highest. (42.3 %, rank 2/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary vocational programmes are proportionally more in Finland than in the other countries. (100 %, rank 1/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Finland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 27/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in primary education in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 7/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from general programmes at the upper secondary level in Finland is comparatively high. (19.3 Years, rank 8/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of graduates from vocational programmes at the upper secondary level in Finland is comparatively high. (30.6 Years, rank 4/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of tertiary graduates younger than 30-years-old is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (74.8 %, rank 30/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time graduates in vocational programmes at upper secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (51.5 %, rank 10/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the average age of post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (43.1 Years, rank 1/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of first-time bachelor's graduates younger than 30 is relatively low. (73.5 %, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of first-time doctorate graduates younger than 35 is relatively low. (42.5 %, rank 29/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of bachelor's or equivalent graduates in Finland is among the oldest. (27.7 Years, rank 4/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of master's or equivalent graduates in Finland is among the oldest. (29.1 Years, rank 5/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary general programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (55.5 %, rank 2/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (54.1 %, rank 4/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female graduates among post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes in Finland is relatively high. (60 %, rank 9/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female first-time master's graduates is relatively smallest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.2 %, rank 21/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 4/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.4 %, rank 3/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.2 %, rank 10/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.2 %, rank 26/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.9 %, rank 8/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of tertiary graduates in STEM fields placed Finland among the largest internationally. (29.2 %, rank 5/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively low. (13 %, rank 20/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 7/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 7/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 6/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 6/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 2/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 2/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (29.6 %, rank 4/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.2 %, rank 36/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of education is relatively low in Finland. (2.6 %, rank 36/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively small. (4.5 %, rank 39/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is relatively high in Finland. (50.7 %, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively small. (57 %, rank 23/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field health and welfare is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries. (85 %, rank 10/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the field of education is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (85.8 %, rank 8/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of arts and humanities is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (73 %, rank 3/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (74.6 %, rank 3/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (60.6 %, rank 10/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (64.4 %, rank 9/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of health and welfare is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (84.9 %, rank 3/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates

    The completion rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme was among the highest across countries with available data. (59.1 %, rank 10/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes, measured by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year, were among the highest across participating countries. (70.3 %, rank 10/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical duration, were among the highest across countries with available data. (84 %, rank 4/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates to bachelor's programmes three years after the theoretical duration placed Finland among the highest values internationally. (67.2 %, rank 10/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The completion rate of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical end of the programme, ranked Finland among the highest across countries. (76.6 %, rank 7/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the completion rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes in Education, measured three years after the theoretical end of the programme, was among the highest internationally. (88 %, rank 6/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Dropout rates

    The drop out rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration was among the lowest across countries with available data. (8.5 %, rank 29/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, the drop out rate by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme placed Finland among the lowest across countries. (14.7 %, rank 27/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The overall drop out rate of new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration ranked Finland among the lowest internationally. (11.2 %, rank 27/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Female drop out rates by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year were among the lowest across participating countries. (9.8 %, rank 28/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, drop out rates one year beyond the theoretical duration placed Finland among the lowest internationally. (18.6 %, rank 23/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Drop out rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes one year beyond the theoretical duration ranked Finland among the lowest across countries with available data. (13.7 %, rank 28/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Female drop out rates by the end of the theoretical duration plus three years placed Finland among the lowest across countries. (11 %, rank 28/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male drop out rates to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical duration, were among the lowest internationally. (22.5 %, rank 21/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The overall drop out rate of new entrants by the end of the theoretical duration plus three years was among the lowest across countries with available data. (16.1 %, rank 24/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Gap year

    The share of female students who entered a bachelor's programme and took at least one gap year was among the highest across countries with available data. (80 %, rank 1/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male students who entered a bachelor's programme and took at least one gap year placed Finland among the highest internationally. (73.2 %, rank 5/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    For all students who entered a bachelor's programme, the share who took at least one gap year ranked Finland among the highest across countries with available data. (77 %, rank 1/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Finland, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of arts and humanities is relatively low. (7.2 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively low. (4.6 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of new entrants to tertiary education in STEM fields ranked among the largest across countries with available data. (33.8 %, rank 3/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (6.4 %, rank 4/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of new entrants in education master's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.5 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of new entrants in social sciences, journalism and information bachelor's programmes is slightly low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.1 %, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of new entrants in social sciences, journalism and information master's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.4 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Finland has a large share of international students graduate from tertiary programmes compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (10.8 %, rank 10/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of new international entrants in master's long first degree (LFD) programmes is relatively low. (0.7 %, rank 20/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    (1 %, rank 8/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of social sciences, journalism and information among all international or foreign tertiary students in Finland is relatively low. (4.1 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all international or foreign tertiary students in Finland is relatively high. (19.7 %, rank 7/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per pupil at the pre-primary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18178 USD Equivalent, rank 5/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9606 USD Equivalent, rank 8/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on tertiary education in Finland is comparatively low. (0 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Finland is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27166 USD Equivalent, rank 4/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Finland, expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (2.3 %, rank 3/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (3.7 %, rank 8/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0 %, rank 37/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 4/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (5 %, rank 6/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0.1 %, rank 37/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is low. (0 %, rank 27/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively high in Finland. (5 %, rank 5/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The proportion of private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is comparatively low in Finland. (0.1 %, rank 25/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, international expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on tertiary education is relatively large. (0.1 %, rank 5/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Finland is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.4 %, rank 4/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.3 %, rank 38/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of private expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.2 %, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Finland has one of the smallest shares of private expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1.7 %, rank 38/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, total public expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (4.6 %, rank 10/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively high. (1.8 %, rank 8/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for tertiary education is comparatively large in Finland. (88.7 %, rank 7/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary to tertiary education is comparatively large. (96.5 %, rank 1/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Finland, the share of capital expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11 %, rank 9/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of current expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (89 %, rank 27/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of capital expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 33/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of current expenditure on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (97 %, rank 4/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53.6 %, rank 5/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers under 30 in lower secondary education is especially high in Finland. (72 %, rank 9/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively small . (48.9 %, rank 27/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially high in Finland. (53.2 %, rank 4/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (11.5 %, rank 8/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of upper secondary vocational education teachers aged 50 or more is relatively high, compared to the other countries with available data. (55.9 %, rank 2/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially low in Finland. (2.4 %, rank 30/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in upper secondary vocational education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.6 %, rank 28/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged 50 or more in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Finland, compared to the other countries with available data. (55.9 %, rank 1/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of post secondary non-tertiary education teachers under 30 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (2.5 %, rank 20/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Finland, compared to other countries with available data. (41.6 %, rank 18/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    The ratio of primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.69 Ratio, rank 16/19 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the change in statutory primary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (94 Index, rank 28/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the change in statutory lower secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (93 Index, rank 28/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the change in statutory upper secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (93 Index, rank 28/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual pre-primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (47120 USD Equivalent, rank 19/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual upper secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (73575 USD Equivalent, rank 10/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (43336 USD Equivalent, rank 25/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary male teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year men workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.77 Ratio, rank 7/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 25-34 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is high in Finland. (0.92 Ratio, rank 9/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is high in Finland. (0.87 Ratio, rank 8/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The change in statutory pre-primary teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in their careers is comparatively small in Finland. (94 Index, rank 28/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Finland had some of the lowest actual salaries for junior academic staff in bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent programmes, in public institutions. (52128 USD Equivalent, rank 12/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the actual salaries of intermediate academic staff in public tertiary programmes were among the lowest. (64214 USD Equivalent, rank 12/16 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Actual salaries for all academic staff in public institutions placed Finland among the countries with the lowest values. (68777 USD Equivalent, rank 12/16 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    The salary progression from the start to the top of the salary scale for a lower secondary school teacher is among the least rewarding among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.3 Ratio, rank 34/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of pre-primary teachers' salaries at the top of scale to their starting salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.1 Ratio, rank 35/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In pre-primary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is relatively low. (1.1 Ratio, rank 35/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In lower secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively low. (1.3 Ratio, rank 34/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Pre-primary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Finland. (0.89 Ratio, rank 14/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Primary school 25-64 year-old heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Finland. (0.95 Ratio, rank 13/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.7 Ratio, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially low. (9.2 Ratio, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level is especially high. (17.4 Ratio, rank 5/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the number of students per teacher in general upper secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.8 Ratio, rank 8/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially high in Finland. (19.1 Ratio, rank 2/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the number of students per teacher in public lower secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.1 Ratio, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.6 Ratio, rank 3/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    The total compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students in Finland is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2451 Hours, rank 34/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The total compulsory instruction time for primary and lower secondary student in Finland is among the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6413 Hours, rank 35/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, compulsory instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (660 Hours, rank 36/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the intended instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (693 Hours, rank 25/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students, in hours per year, is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (817 Hours, rank 33/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes are particularly small in lower secondary schools. (19 Students, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary public institutions are comparatively small in Finland. (19 Students, rank 30/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Finland, classes in lower secondary education are comparatively small. (19 Students, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Finland. (41.7 %, rank 36/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (78.4 %, rank 27/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (64.4 %, rank 31/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Finland. (92.3 %, rank 7/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (52.3 %, rank 31/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (58.4 %, rank 35/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (78.3 %, rank 33/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Finland. (50 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Finland. (77.5 %, rank 33/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Finland. (30 %, rank 31/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (80 %, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (62.7 %, rank 30/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of employed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (75.6 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of employed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (78.9 %, rank 32/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Finland compared to other countries with available data. (57.9 %, rank 30/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Finland. (69.4 %, rank 33/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (89.1 %, rank 9/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively high. (23.1 %, rank 4/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively high. (16.6 %, rank 4/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (4.2 %, rank 9/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (7.6 %, rank 5/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (11.4 %, rank 2/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the smallest in Finland, compared to other OECD countries. (30 %, rank 25/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (9.2 %, rank 5/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (12.5 %, rank 5/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Finland. (7 %, rank 9/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Finland. (22.2 %, rank 3/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively high in Finland. (6.3 %, rank 9/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Finland. (25 %, rank 7/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (9.9 %, rank 3/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.8 %, rank 2/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.4 %, rank 3/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.7 %, rank 9/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 3/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Finland. (15.4 %, rank 6/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Finland. (10.5 %, rank 6/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with below upper secondary education is high in Finland. (45.8 %, rank 2/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is low in Finland. (6.1 %, rank 32/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (13.7 %, rank 9/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (26.4 %, rank 7/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (7.3 %, rank 31/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (2.9 %, rank 32/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (5.3 %, rank 31/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women without an upper secondary education is relatively high. (60 %, rank 5/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively high compared to other countries with available data. (35.7 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively high compared to other countries with available data. (30.5 %, rank 10/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (31.6 %, rank 9/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (22.4 %, rank 5/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (16.5 %, rank 5/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (17.6 %, rank 28/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (11.3 %, rank 3/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (13.9 %, rank 10/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (18.8 %, rank 29/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (13.9 %, rank 5/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively low. (7.4 %, rank 33/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively low. (8.3 %, rank 31/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds with below secondary education compared to those of adults with an upper secondary education are relatively high in Finland. (101.2 %, rank 1/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of women without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively low (41.7 %, rank 28/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively high (40.9 %, rank 4/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively low (18.2 %, rank 18/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively low (14.8 %, rank 22/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively high (12.7 %, rank 9/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively low. (15.8 %, rank 27/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively low. (5.6 %, rank 33/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Finland is relatively low. (6.5 %, rank 28/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively high. (7.6 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are inactive NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Finland is relatively high. (10 %, rank 8/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of women neither employed nor in education among 15-29 year-olds is relatively low. (5.3 %, rank 24/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 25-29 year-old men in Finland, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (14.8 %, rank 9/37 , 2024) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment among young adults has reached 48% on average across the OECD, the highest level ever, but progress has slowed since 2021. Attainment remains unequal, with women generally outpacing men, and older generations showing lower rates.
    • Employment outcomes for tertiary-educated adults remain strong overall: 87% of them are employed compared to 60% of those without upper seconday. Tertiary education offers good protection against unemployment, but women and disadvantaged groups still face labour market gaps, and inactivity persists among some adults. Moreover, adults with tertiary education earn on average 54% more than those with only upper secondary education.
    • Gender pay gaps remain significant. Despite higher attainment, women with tertiary education consistently earn less than men, even when working full-time, and this gap persists across age groups (73% on average for women aged 25 to 64).
    • Fields of study strongly influence labour market outcomes. Graduates in engineering and in health and welfare fare particularly well, while women’s participation in STEM remains below parity (14% of graduates at tertiary level) despite being 58% of all tertiary graduates.
    • Internationalisation continues to expand in tertiary education. The share of international students has grown steadily, and OECD countries host a large proportion of the world’s mobile students, reinforcing their global role in higher education.
    • Sustaining tertiary education requires adequate investment. Spending per student is already at 21 021 USD and rising, and tertiary expenditure represents a notable share of GDP (1.4% on average in OECD), making efficiency and equity crucial for long-term sustainability.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Access and Participation  | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Although many countries have near universal upper secondary attainment among 25–34 year-olds, on average across the OECD 13% of younger adults still lack an upper secondary qualification.
    • NEET shares are now below pre-pandemic levels in about half of OECD and partner countries with trend data; in 8 of these 16 countries the decline exceeds 1 percentage point, while 17 countries exceed pre-pandemic benchmarks and 6 saw increases of more than 2 percentage points.
    • Employment rates rise steadily with higher tertiary attainment: short-cycle 83%, bachelor’s 86%, master’s 90%, and doctoral or equivalent 93% among 25–64 year-olds.
    • Earnings premiums also increase with qualification level: on average across the OECD, short-cycle graduates earn 17% more than those with upper secondary; the advantage is 39% for bachelor’s and 83% for master’s/doctoral graduates.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 85% across the OECD. By contrast, only 29% of children under the age of 3 are enrolled.
    • Participation in early childhood education has grown over the past decade, with enrolment for children under age 3 increasing by 9 percentage points to 29%, and enrolment for ages 3 and above rising by 5 points to 85%.
    • The majority of students in vocational upper secondary education follow programmes that grant full access to tertiary education, with 76% of students enrolled in such programmes on average across the OECD.
    • Completion rates for bachelor’s programmes increase after the theoretical duration of programmes: on average, 44% of students graduate on time, compared to 69% three years after.
    • Students from Asia form the largest regional group of internationally mobile students in tertiary education, representing 58% of all foreign or international students across the OECD in 2023.
    • Only 43% of students complete a bachelor’s degree within the expected duration, though this rises to 59% with one additional year and 70% with three additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Governments spend on average USD 12 438 per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, and USD 15 102 per student in tertiary education including R&D.
    • Expenditure per student has risen in absolute terms since 2015, but its share in public budgets has declined, with government spending on education at almost 15% of total government expenditure on average in 2022.
    • Annual spending per student at primary and secondary levels varies widely across OECD countries, from under USD 3 000 in some systems to over USD 25 000 in the most highly funded ones.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education.
    • Spending per student differs markedly between public and private institutions, with expenditure in public tertiary institutions exceeding USD 33 000 in some countries, compared to less than USD 10 000 in others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 604 hours of compulsory instruction during primary and lower secondary education, with total hours ranging widely across education systems.
    • Compulsory instruction time averages 804 hours per year for primary students and 909 hours for lower secondary students, a difference of about 105 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in pre-primary education has fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2013 to 13 in 2023.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, teachers with 15 years of experience earn USD 55 725 at pre-primary level and USD 63 925 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries are 83–91% of the earnings of similarly educated tertiary-educated workers, while school heads usually earn more than tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • The ratio of students to academic staff is lower in public than in private institutions, averaging about 14 students per staff member in public tertiary institutions compared to 18 in private ones.
    • Nearly half of OECD and partner countries operate non-selective admission systems for first degrees, providing broad access to tertiary education, while entrance exams and centralised systems are also common.
    • The salaries of academic staff in tertiary education vary by seniority. On average, junior staff earn about 62 000 USD, while senior staff earn about 108 000 USD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Finland
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Finland
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.