Estonia
Estonia
Interactive data profiles:
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Country reports and publications 
Estonia
Student performance (PISA 2025)
| PISA 2025 | Country Note | PISA 2025 Assessment and Analytical Framework | PISA Database | Important note on countries |
Select first some countries to compare, choose the charts you wish to display and customise them.
The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries.
The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD
and partner countries.
Find out more about the methodology here.
Show indicators for which your country ranks among the top or bottom:
Sort by:
Student performance in science
The mean score in science performance is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (527 PISA Score points, rank 6/90 , 2025) Download Indicator
Boys' performance in science is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (527 PISA Score points, rank 6/90 , 2025) Download Indicator
Girls' performance in science is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (528 PISA Score points, rank 6/90 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low performers in science (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (9.9 %, rank 87/90 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low-performing boys in science (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (10.5 %, rank 88/90 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low-performing girls in science (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (9.3 %, rank 87/90 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of top-performing girls in science (proficiency Level 5 or 6) is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (10.8 %, rank 9/90 , 2025) Download Indicator
Student performance in mathematics
The mean score in mathematics performance is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (508 PISA Score points, rank 8/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
Boys' performance in mathematics is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (514 PISA Score points, rank 8/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
Girls' performance in mathematics is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (502 PISA Score points, rank 8/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low performers in mathematics (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (17.2 %, rank 83/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of top performers in mathematics (proficiency Level 5 or 6) is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (13.3 %, rank 9/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low-performing boys in mathematics (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (15.7 %, rank 85/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of top-performing boys in mathematics (proficiency Level 5 or 6) is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (15.4 %, rank 10/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low-performing girls in mathematics (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (18.7 %, rank 82/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of top-performing girls in mathematics (proficiency Level 5 or 6) is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (11.2 %, rank 9/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
Student performance in reading
The mean score in reading performance is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (499 PISA Score points, rank 8/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
Boys' performance in reading is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (487 PISA Score points, rank 8/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
Girls' performance in reading is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (512 PISA Score points, rank 7/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low performers in reading (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (17 %, rank 85/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low-performing boys in reading (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (20.9 %, rank 84/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of low-performing girls in reading (below proficiency Level 2) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (13.1 %, rank 83/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of top-performing girls in reading (proficiency Level 5 or 6) is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (10.4 %, rank 10/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
Student performance in mathematics, reading and science
The percentage of low performers in all subjects (mathematics, reading and science) is one of the lowest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (7.4 %, rank 84/87 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of top performers in all subjects (mathematics, reading and science) is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (5.1 %, rank 9/87 , 2025) Download Indicator
Student performance in computational problem solving
The mean score in computational problem-solving performance is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (541 PISA Score points, rank 7/84 , 2025) Download Indicator
Performance and socio-economic status
The science performance of students in the top international decile of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) scale is among the highest, compared to countries and economies participating in PISA. (560 PISA Score, rank 8/87 , 2025) Download Indicator
Classroom environment
School principals report having one of the largest shortage of education staff among countries and economies participating in PISA. (0.75 PISA Index, rank 7/88 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Estonia, a large share of students attend schools whose principal reported that the school's capacity to provide instruction is hindered to some extent or a lot by a lack of teaching staff. (65 %, rank 3/88 , 2025) Download Indicator
Between 2018 and 2025, Estonia reported a small increase in the index of shortage of educational material compared to the other OECD and partner countries/economies. (0.14 PISA Index, rank 8/44 , 2025) Download Indicator
The change between 2015 and 2025 in the index of disciplinary climate in school science in Estonia was among the largest increases across countries with available data. (0.26 PISA Index, rank 10/46 , 2025) Download Indicator
Learning environement
A small proportion of students in Estonia attend schools where principals report having subject-specific guidelines on digital devices. (30.4 %, rank 88/88 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Estonia, the share of students in schools whose principal reported banning cell phones and applying subject-specific guidelines was among the smallest across countries with available data. (7.2 %, rank 87/89 , 2025) Download Indicator
Student well-being
In Estonia, the gender difference in life satisfaction is relatively large in favor of boys compared to other countries and economies participating in PISA. (0.59 Life satisfaction index (0-10), rank 8/64 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Estonia, the share of students who agreed or strongly agreed that they make friends easily was among the smallest across countries with available data. (76.1 %, rank 83/88 , 2025) Download Indicator
Students' engagement, drive and self-beliefs
Estonia had one of the strongest gender differences in favor of girls in the share of students who disagree that intelligence is something you cannot change much (boys-girls). (-7.3 % points, rank 44/47 , 2025) Download Indicator
Students’ readiness for learning in the digital age
In Estonia, the science performance of students spending no time using digital devices for learning activities at school was among the highest across countries with available data, after accounting for student socio-economic status. (519 PISA Score, rank 4/86 , 2025) Download Indicator
Students' environmental competence
The mean score in environmental science is one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (520 PISA Score points, rank 7/82 , 2025) Download Indicator
Students' attitudes and beliefs regarding environmental issues
In Estonia, the gender difference in the share of students interested, to some or a large extent, in contributing to protecting the environment in their future jobs (boys - girls) was among the largest in favor of girls across countries with available data. (-17.4 % points, rank 72/77 , 2025) Download Indicator
Parental involvement
In 2025, the index of students' perceptions of family support was one of the highest among PISA-participating countries and economies. (0.11 PISA Index, rank 2/87 , 2025) Download Indicator
Students’ use of artificial intelligence for schoolwork
Estonia had one of the largest shares of students who do not use artificial intelligence to draft texts for writing assignments. (37.4 %, rank 8/82 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Estonia, few 15 year-old students report not using artificial intelligence to help them learn, compared to other countries participating in PISA. (9.7 %, rank 77/82 , 2025) Download Indicator
The mean science performance of students reporting almost daily use of AI to help them learn and being tasked in school lessons to assess the quality of AI-generated information was among the highest in Estonia compared with other countries with available data. (541 PISA Score, rank 7/83 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Estonia, the difference between the shares of advantaged and disadvantaged students reporting that they assess the quality of information generated by AI chatbots in their school lessons sometimes or very often was among the narrowest across countries with available data. (6.2 %, rank 68/76 , 2025) Download Indicator
Teachers
Between 2018 and 2025, Estonia recorded a particularly substantial decrease in the percentage of teachers working full time in schools attended by 15-years-olds, compared to the other OECD and partner countries/economies. (-3.2 %, rank 23/25 , 2025) Download Indicator
The data table will display up to six selected countries.
General findings
- B-S-J-Z (China) and Singapore were the two highest-performing systems across science, mathematics and reading in PISA 2025. Additionally, Estonia, Japan, Korea, Macao (China), Chinese Taipei and the United Kingdom were among the top-10 performing education systems in all three domains.
- PISA 2025 recorded the lowest OECD-average performance observed so far in science, reading and mathematics. Reading declined after peaking around 2012, science declined more gradually over the past decade, and mathematics fell especially sharply after 2018.
- Around three-quarters of students demonstrated at least baseline proficiency in science: they pass from knowing some science to using science at a basic level.
- Socio-economic background remains strongly associated with student achievement, accounting for 12% of within-country variation in science performance.
- Students reported more teacher support in science lessons compared to 2015 in about half of countries/economies. Teacher support remains positively associated with science performance and learning attitudes.
- The provision of study help such as peer-to-peer tutoring is associated with higher science performance.
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- Socio-economic background remains strongly associated with student achievement, accounting for 12% of within-country variation in science performance.
- Gender differences in performance in mathematics and reading are still remarquable, as for all previous PISA studies. Boys still perform better than girls in mathematics by 13 PISA score points while girls outperform boys in reading by 30 PISA score points in 2025, on average accross OECD countries. In science, girls perform almost as well as boys by only 1 score point difference.
- Some education systems, such as B-S-J-Z (China), Canada, Estonia, Ireland, Japan, Korea and Macao (China), achieved both socio-economic fairness and strong performance.
- Between 2022 and 2025, narrowing of socio-economic gaps in performance largely reflected declines among advantaged students rather than improvements among disadvantaged students.
- Two out of three students perceive social mobility as achievable, rising to 75% or more in Portugal and Israel.
- Girls generally reported higher levels of curiosity, perseverance, help seeking, goal setting a growth mindset, while boys tend to report higher cognitive adaptability.
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- Some 69% of students reported that they like learning new things and 74% reported that they like to know how things work.
- While 61% of students reported finishing what they start and 60% reported putting in extra effort when work becomes challenging, 52% reported finishing tasks they have started even when they become boring.
- Girls generally reported higher levels of curiosity, perseverance, help seeking, goal setting a growth mindset, while boys tend to report higher cognitive adaptability.
- Between 2022 and 2025 students' self-reported curiosity and perseverance declined.
- Most students feel they belong at school (76%) and make friends easily (80%), and believe their peers like them (83%).
- While 67% of students believe that school has taught them things that could be useful in a job, 49% reported that school has done little to prepare them for adult life, 24% viewed school has been a waste of time.
- Bullying is associated with lower student performance and sense of belonging even after accounting for students’ and schools’ socio-economic profiles.
| Education policies: Student engagement and motivation | Education policies: Students' Well-Being | OECD Better Life Index |
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- On average, 79% of students use AI chatbots to help them to learn, including 26% weekly and 19% almost daily or more.
- The relationship between AI use and science performance is complex. Students who frequently use AI for learning and learn to assess the quality of AI-generated information at school achieve higher science performance than non- or infrequent users. However, advantaged students have greater access to these opportunities, raising concerns about an AI divide.
- Moderate use of digital devices for learning at school relates to higher science performance than no or heavy use. However, more than one hour of leisure use at school is linked to lower performance.
- Some 28% of students reported that their peers are distracted by the use of digital devices during most or every science lesson. Cell-phone bans or subject-specific guidelines relate to less distraction and less time spent on digital devices at school, but their relationship with performance remains unclear.
- Almost half of 15 year old students are in schools where the use of cell phones is not allowed on the school premises.
| Education policies: Student outcomes | Education policies: Learning environment | Education policies: Digital Divide |
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- About three in four students achieve at least baseline proficiency (Level 2) in environmental science.
- Higher-performing students tend to report stronger environmental awareness, personal agency and collective efficacy.
- Caring for the environment is widespread: 75% of students reported looking after the global environment is important to them; it is over 90% in B-S-J-Z (China), Indonesia, Korea and Cambodia.
- Most students believe collective action (82%) and individual action (81%) can address environmental challenges, though fewer know how to collaborate effectively (68%).
- On average, 28% of students never participated in any of the five environmental activities examined. Among them, 56% do not know anyone engaged in environmental actions, 49% believe others will address the problem and 47% feel their actions would not make a difference.
- On average, 62% of students are interested in contributing to environmental protection through their future careers, particularly girls, socio-economically advantaged students, higher performing students and students with pro-environmental attitudes.
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Click on the diagram to get a PDF version
Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities,
such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
for each publication.
All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Annex 3 of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.
All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Annex 3 of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.