Germany
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Germany
Overview of the education system (EAG 2025)
  • Tertiary attainment among young adults rose from 33% in 2019 to 40% in 2024, growing faster than in most OECD countries. Despite this, Germany remains below the OECD average of 48%.
  • The share of young adults without an upper secondary qualification increased from 13% to 15% between 2019 and 2024. Among 22 EU OECD members, only Italy, Portugal, and Spain have higher rates.
  • Unemployment rates are nearly identical for tertiary-educated and upper secondary adults: 2.5% vs 2.6%. Tertiary graduates earn 50% more than those with upper secondary, close to the OECD average of 54%.
  • International student origins differ from the European pattern: 44% come from Asia and 31% from other European countries, unlike most European nations where European students form the largest group.
  • In Germany, education expenditure per student is USD (PPP) 17,960, higher than the OECD average of USD (PPP) 15,023. As a share of GDP, the country invests 4.4%, below the OECD average of 4.7% and far lower than countries exceeding 6%.
    • | Education at a Glance 2025 | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2025 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Germany | Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education an Research) | Kultusministerkonferenz (Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany, in German) | Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office) |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.9 %, rank 9/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (45.8 %, rank 6/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a general upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.1 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (1.9 %, rank 4/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (37 %, rank 8/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8 %, rank 30/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.3 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (1.1 %, rank 4/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32.5 %, rank 32/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.4 %, rank 33/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.7 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (42.3 %, rank 32/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Germany has one of the largest share of women among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (48.1 %, rank 5/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Germany has one of the largest share of women among 55-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (54.1 %, rank 3/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (0.3 %, rank 24/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (0.4 %, rank 22/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Germany is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (51.9 %, rank 31/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of arts and humanities, social sciences, journalism and information is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (12.7 %, rank 25/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business and administration is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (10 %, rank 15/16 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of law is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3 %, rank 14/17 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health (nursing and associate health fields) is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (2.5 %, rank 11/12 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The share of women among tertiary education new entrants is one of the smallest compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (51.2 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering bachelor's programmes in Germany is relatively small. (48.6 %, rank 40/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the average age of new entrants in master's programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.3 Years, rank 35/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in Germany is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (53 %, rank 38/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of first-time entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1.2 %, rank 26/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The enrolment rate among 15-19 year-olds in Germany is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (87.6 %, rank 10/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of female students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (35.1 %, rank 42/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of tertiary students enrolled in public institutions is relatively large. (4.5 %, rank 2/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Among 6–14-year-olds, enrolment in lower secondary programmes in Germany ranked among the highest internationally. (48.6 %, rank 1/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Enrolment of 6–14-year-olds in primary education placed Germany among the lowest across countries. (46.2 %, rank 38/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students in post-secondary non-tertiary general programmes ranked among the largest across participating countries. (46.1 %, rank 9/10 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at all early childhood education level is comparatively high. (66.7 %, rank 6/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at early childhood educational and development level is comparatively high. (73 %, rank 8/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at pre-primary level is comparatively high. (64.4 %, rank 6/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of lower secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Germany is one of the lowest compared to other countries with available data. (17.4 %, rank 16/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of upper secondary students enrolled in programmes giving partial completion or insufficient for completion is relatively low compared to the other countries. (5 %, rank 12/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education in Germany is relatively low compared to the other countries. (4.8 %, rank 21/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Germany is among the lowest. (22.8 %, rank 27/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education is relatively small compared to other OECD or partner contries. (42.9 %, rank 13/15 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary vocational programmes are proportionally less in Germany than in the other countries. (57.1 %, rank 16/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of short-cycle tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes is comparativele high. (3 %, rank 3/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary programmes in Germany is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (45 %, rank 40/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Germany is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.7 %, rank 2/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in short-cycle tertiary programmes in Germany is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 30/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in primary education in Germany is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 7/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students enrolled in lower secondary vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (39.5 %, rank 17/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    In Germany, the average age of post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (24.5 Years, rank 23/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of first-time short-cycle tertiary graduates younger than 30 is relatively low. (59.8 %, rank 23/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of first-time short-cycle graduates is relatively low in Germany. (1.5 %, rank 24/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of first-time graduates in vocational programmes at post-secondary non-tertiary level is comparatively small. (94.5 %, rank 21/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of short-cycle tertiary graduates in Germany is among the oldest. (29.8 Years, rank 6/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of bachelor's or equivalent graduates in Germany is among the oldest. (26.2 Years, rank 10/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary general programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (46.7 %, rank 41/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (37.8 %, rank 37/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Among OECD and partner countries with available data, Germany has one of the smallest shares of women graduates from tertiary programmes. (51.6 %, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female first-time graduates in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (47 %, rank 21/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female first-time bachelor's graduates is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (49.3 %, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female first-time master's graduates is relatively largest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (68 %, rank 7/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.9 %, rank 7/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8 %, rank 41/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of education in Germany is relatively small. (1.5 %, rank 40/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of arts and humaties in Germany is relatively small. (6.2 %, rank 39/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of sciences, journalism and information in Germany is relatively small. (5.1 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Germany is relatively large. (27 %, rank 9/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of health and welfare in Germany is relatively large. (31 %, rank 5/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31.1 %, rank 2/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of tertiary graduates in STEM fields placed Germany among the largest internationally. (35.5 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is relatively low. (5.7 %, rank 22/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 2/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively low compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (0 %, rank 30/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of STEM is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3 %, rank 10/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (4 %, rank 3/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 6/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 5/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 1/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in the humanities and arts is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (12.5 %, rank 8/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (11.3 %, rank 40/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.4 %, rank 3/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of arts and humanities is relatively small. (5.4 %, rank 35/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively small. (4.6 %, rank 37/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is relatively high in Germany. (52.4 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively low in Germany. (4.5 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (52.9 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (8.8 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of services is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (39.6 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in all fields is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (51.3 %, rank 42/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of arts and humanities is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (70.7 %, rank 8/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (28.1 %, rank 35/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (21.2 %, rank 40/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (42.2 %, rank 41/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Germany, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is relatively low. (7.7 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of new entrants to tertiary education in STEM fields ranked among the largest across countries with available data. (37.4 %, rank 1/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of business, administration and law is relatively small. (0 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively small. (0 %, rank 31/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (7.1 %, rank 28/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of health and welfare is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (29.4 %, rank 6/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (5.8 %, rank 6/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (5.8 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of new entrants in arts and humanities bachelor's programmes is especially low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.8 %, rank 34/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of new entrants in social sciences, journalism and information bachelor's programmes is slightly low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.6 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of new entrants in health and welfare bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (6.2 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of new entrants in health and welfare master's programmes is relatively lowest, compared to other countries with available data. (7.7 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Germany has a small share of international students graduate from tertiary programmes compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (4.9 %, rank 23/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of worldwide foreign and international students is one of the large among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.6 %, rank 5/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of international students entering short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 29/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of international students among the new entrants in master's programmes in Germany is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (33.9 %, rank 7/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0 %, rank 30/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0 %, rank 30/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    (1 %, rank 8/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of social sciences, journalism and information among all international or foreign tertiary students in Germany is relatively low. (7.5 %, rank 30/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in Germany is relatively high. (11.8 %, rank 8/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all international or foreign tertiary students in Germany is relatively high. (27.7 %, rank 1/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of health and welfare among all international or foreign tertiary students in Germany is relatively low. (7.1 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per pupil at the pre-primary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16468 USD Equivalent, rank 7/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per secondary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17962 USD Equivalent, rank 8/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10253 USD Equivalent, rank 6/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Germany is comparatively high. (16059 USD Equivalent, rank 7/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary to tertiary education in Germany is comparatively high. (15340 USD Equivalent, rank 8/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on tertiary education in Germany is comparatively low. (177 USD Equivalent, rank 19/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the annual expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively high. (16433 USD Equivalent, rank 8/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student in primary to tertiary education is one the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16263 USD Equivalent, rank 10/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Germany is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22471 USD Equivalent, rank 9/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary general education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17872 USD Equivalent, rank 4/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary vocational education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25259 USD Equivalent, rank 2/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Germany, expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.7 %, rank 36/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (2.2 %, rank 7/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, expenditure on post secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (0.2 %, rank 1/23 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0.4 %, rank 7/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 4/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    In Germany, total public expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (1.4 %, rank 40/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, total public expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (0.2 %, rank 3/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Germany, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively low. (0.6 %, rank 22/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for tertiary education is comparatively large in Germany. (83.8 %, rank 10/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in short-cycle tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32.7 %, rank 24/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.7 %, rank 35/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (6.8 %, rank 32/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers under 30 in lower secondary education is especially high in Germany. (72 %, rank 9/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively small . (47.9 %, rank 30/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially low in Germany. (33.3 %, rank 32/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (41.2 %, rank 20/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (29.5 %, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (29.6 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (22.6 %, rank 3/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of short-cycle tertiary female teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (34.1 %, rank 20/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of short-cycle tertiary female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (32.5 %, rank 21/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (33.3 %, rank 31/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers under 30 in early childhood educational development is especially high in Germany. (21.4 %, rank 5/19 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of women among teaching staff in early childhood educational development is one of the lowest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (94.1 %, rank 17/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of teachers under 30 in pre-primary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.6 %, rank 6/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers under 30 in Germany is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5 %, rank 27/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of upper secondary general education teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to the other countries with available data. (59.5 %, rank 8/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially low in Germany. (2.9 %, rank 28/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of post secondary non-tertiary education teachers under 30 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (3 %, rank 19/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (103952 USD Equivalent, rank 2/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (91950 USD Equivalent, rank 1/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual lower secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100831 USD Equivalent, rank 1/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual upper secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (105523 USD Equivalent, rank 1/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (103952 USD Equivalent, rank 2/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (107491 USD Equivalent, rank 2/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (95657 USD Equivalent, rank 3/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Germany had some of the highest actual salaries for junior academic staff in bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent programmes, in public institutions. (76476 USD Equivalent, rank 5/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the actual salaries of intermediate academic staff in public tertiary programmes were among the highest. (93987 USD Equivalent, rank 4/16 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, actual salaries of senior academic staff in bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent programmes were among the highest across countries. (164717 USD Equivalent, rank 1/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Actual salaries for all academic staff in public institutions placed Germany among the countries with the highest values. (104111 USD Equivalent, rank 2/16 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    The salary progression from the start to the top of the salary scale for a lower secondary school teacher is among the least rewarding among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.3 Ratio, rank 34/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for lower secondary teachers with minimum training are especially high. (87120 USD Equivalent, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Salaries of lower secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially high. (98709 USD Equivalent, rank 3/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In lower secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively low. (1.3 Ratio, rank 34/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.2 Ratio, rank 30/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9 Ratio, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (10.4 Ratio, rank 33/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the number of students per teacher in private institutions short-cycle tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (12 Ratio, rank 13/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the number of students per teacher in public bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (10.4 Ratio, rank 28/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the ratio of children to teaching staff in early childhood educational development is one of the lowest compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.7 Ratio, rank 19/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany the ratio of children to contact staff in early childhood educational development is one of the highest compared to the other OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.1 Ratio, rank 10/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of teachers' aides among contact staff in early childhood educational development is one of the lowest of OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.2 Ratio, rank 11/12 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of teachers' aides among contact staff in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.7 Ratio, rank 14/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    The total compulsory instruction time for primary students in Germany is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2901 Hours, rank 33/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the total intended instruction time for primary students (in hours per year) is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2901 Hours, rank 27/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The total compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students in Germany is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4432 Hours, rank 4/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, total intended instruction time for lower secondary students is among the longest compared to other countries with available data. (4432 Hours, rank 5/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (89.7 %, rank 5/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively high in Germany. (86 %, rank 5/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively high in Germany. (83.7 %, rank 9/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively high in Germany. (74.9 %, rank 8/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (89.6 %, rank 2/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (69.2 %, rank 27/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively high. (92.9 %, rank 6/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively high. (65.8 %, rank 9/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (83.5 %, rank 8/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women without upper secondary education is comparatively high. (57.4 %, rank 7/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Germany. (54.9 %, rank 5/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high (86.7 %, rank 1/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high (92.3 %, rank 8/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (82.1 %, rank 4/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Germany. (74.2 %, rank 26/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (89.3 %, rank 9/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health (medical and dental) is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (89.5 %, rank 9/11 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health (nursing and associate health fields) is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (86.8 %, rank 8/11 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively low. (9.3 %, rank 27/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (3.3 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (2.6 %, rank 33/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is one the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.1 %, rank 24/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.9 %, rank 10/14 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.4 %, rank 28/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (2.7 %, rank 31/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Germany. (3.6 %, rank 7/10 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a short cycle tertiary education degree is relatively low in Germany. (2.2 %, rank 19/21 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (2.3 %, rank 35/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Germany. (9.3 %, rank 27/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Germany. (2.9 %, rank 36/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Germany. (3.3 %, rank 27/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Germany. (2 %, rank 31/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (2.9 %, rank 27/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (2.5 %, rank 29/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.1 %, rank 31/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.6 %, rank 24/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (7.9 %, rank 24/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (26.1 %, rank 8/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (29.8 %, rank 30/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (5 %, rank 20/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (9.3 %, rank 23/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (14.2 %, rank 29/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (33.4 %, rank 7/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (30.5 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (20.3 %, rank 7/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (16.6 %, rank 4/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (11.1 %, rank 29/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (16.2 %, rank 30/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (14.7 %, rank 30/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (17.2 %, rank 33/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Earnings of foreign-born aged between 25 and 64 who work full- and part-time with a short cycle tertiary education are comparatively high. (135.6 %, rank 1/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of 25-64 year-old full- and part-time workers with a bachelor's or equivalent education are comparatively high. (148.3 %, rank 8/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds with below secondary education compared to those of adults with an upper secondary education are relatively low in Germany. (72 %, rank 30/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers without an upper secondary education earning at or below half the overall median in Germany is one of the highest among countries with available data. (44 Index, rank 3/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Germany. (137 Index, rank 4/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Germany. (159 Index, rank 1/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Germany. (139 Index, rank 4/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Germany. (154 Index, rank 2/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Germany. (143 Index, rank 1/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers with tertiary education earning at or below half the overall median in Germany is one of the highest among countries with available data. (12 Index, rank 8/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Germany. (179 Index, rank 6/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Germany. (195 Index, rank 6/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Germany. (202 Index, rank 7/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the distribution of worker earning more than 1.5 times the median but at or below twice the median among those with below upper secondary education is comparatively low . (2 Index, rank 23/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the distribution of worker earning more than the median but at or below 1.5 times the median among those with below upper secondary education is comparatively low . (13 Index, rank 24/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    The earnings of men without an upper secondary education are relatively low compared to those of men with an upper secondary education. (72 Index, rank 25/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The earnings of women without an upper secondary education are relatively low compared to those of women with an upper secondary education. (67 Index, rank 27/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (73.6 %, rank 24/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (78 %, rank 28/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (60.6 %, rank 25/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (66.8 %, rank 28/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (65.2 %, rank 26/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the low among countries with available data. (77.6 %, rank 24/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the proportion of young women's earnings as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with tertiary education working full-time full-year), is relatively high compared to OECD and other members with available data (88.1 %, rank 8/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (72.7 %, rank 19/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (75 %, rank 17/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (84.8 %, rank 5/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (84 %, rank 6/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (61.3 %, rank 28/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of unemployed youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Germany is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (9.9 %, rank 31/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of youth who have been unemployed for at least 3 months but less than a year and not in formal education or training among 18-24 year-olds in Germany is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0.9 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low (48.3 %, rank 23/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low (23.7 %, rank 24/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training without an upper secondary in Germany is relatively low. (33.7 %, rank 25/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low (17.5 %, rank 19/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low (7.4 %, rank 19/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Germany is relatively low (11.7 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low (10 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low (4.9 %, rank 25/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Germany is relatively low. (7.3 %, rank 29/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low. (11.5 %, rank 32/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low. (5.5 %, rank 33/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary in Germany is relatively low. (8.3 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low. (3.8 %, rank 28/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Germany is relatively low. (6.5 %, rank 28/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low. (2.1 %, rank 33/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low. (2.2 %, rank 29/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low. (2.7 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low. (3.1 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Germany is relatively low. (2.4 %, rank 32/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 20-24 year-olds in Germany is relatively small. (9.7 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in Germany is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.6 %, rank 33/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the share of men neither employed nor in education among 15-29 year-olds is relatively low. (6.2 %, rank 27/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 20-24 year-old men in Germany, a small share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (8.9 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 25-29 year-old men in Germany, a small share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (8.2 %, rank 31/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Germany, the percentage of women neither employed nor in education or training among 20-24 year-olds is relatively low. (10.6 %, rank 28/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 18-24 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training is comparatively small in Germany. (9.9 %, rank 31/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old men neither employed nor in education or training is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (9.4 %, rank 30/37 , 2024) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment among young adults has reached 48% on average across the OECD, the highest level ever, but progress has slowed since 2021. Attainment remains unequal, with women generally outpacing men, and older generations showing lower rates.
    • Employment outcomes for tertiary-educated adults remain strong overall: 87% of them are employed compared to 60% of those without upper seconday. Tertiary education offers good protection against unemployment, but women and disadvantaged groups still face labour market gaps, and inactivity persists among some adults. Moreover, adults with tertiary education earn on average 54% more than those with only upper secondary education.
    • Gender pay gaps remain significant. Despite higher attainment, women with tertiary education consistently earn less than men, even when working full-time, and this gap persists across age groups (73% on average for women aged 25 to 64).
    • Fields of study strongly influence labour market outcomes. Graduates in engineering and in health and welfare fare particularly well, while women’s participation in STEM remains below parity (14% of graduates at tertiary level) despite being 58% of all tertiary graduates.
    • Internationalisation continues to expand in tertiary education. The share of international students has grown steadily, and OECD countries host a large proportion of the world’s mobile students, reinforcing their global role in higher education.
    • Sustaining tertiary education requires adequate investment. Spending per student is already at 21 021 USD and rising, and tertiary expenditure represents a notable share of GDP (1.4% on average in OECD), making efficiency and equity crucial for long-term sustainability.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Access and Participation  | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Although many countries have near universal upper secondary attainment among 25–34 year-olds, on average across the OECD 13% of younger adults still lack an upper secondary qualification.
    • NEET shares are now below pre-pandemic levels in about half of OECD and partner countries with trend data; in 8 of these 16 countries the decline exceeds 1 percentage point, while 17 countries exceed pre-pandemic benchmarks and 6 saw increases of more than 2 percentage points.
    • Employment rates rise steadily with higher tertiary attainment: short-cycle 83%, bachelor’s 86%, master’s 90%, and doctoral or equivalent 93% among 25–64 year-olds.
    • Earnings premiums also increase with qualification level: on average across the OECD, short-cycle graduates earn 17% more than those with upper secondary; the advantage is 39% for bachelor’s and 83% for master’s/doctoral graduates.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 85% across the OECD. By contrast, only 29% of children under the age of 3 are enrolled.
    • Participation in early childhood education has grown over the past decade, with enrolment for children under age 3 increasing by 9 percentage points to 29%, and enrolment for ages 3 and above rising by 5 points to 85%.
    • The majority of students in vocational upper secondary education follow programmes that grant full access to tertiary education, with 76% of students enrolled in such programmes on average across the OECD.
    • Completion rates for bachelor’s programmes increase after the theoretical duration of programmes: on average, 44% of students graduate on time, compared to 69% three years after.
    • Students from Asia form the largest regional group of internationally mobile students in tertiary education, representing 58% of all foreign or international students across the OECD in 2023.
    • Only 43% of students complete a bachelor’s degree within the expected duration, though this rises to 59% with one additional year and 70% with three additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Governments spend on average USD 12 438 per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, and USD 15 102 per student in tertiary education including R&D.
    • Expenditure per student has risen in absolute terms since 2015, but its share in public budgets has declined, with government spending on education at almost 15% of total government expenditure on average in 2022.
    • Annual spending per student at primary and secondary levels varies widely across OECD countries, from under USD 3 000 in some systems to over USD 25 000 in the most highly funded ones.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education.
    • Spending per student differs markedly between public and private institutions, with expenditure in public tertiary institutions exceeding USD 33 000 in some countries, compared to less than USD 10 000 in others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 604 hours of compulsory instruction during primary and lower secondary education, with total hours ranging widely across education systems.
    • Compulsory instruction time averages 804 hours per year for primary students and 909 hours for lower secondary students, a difference of about 105 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in pre-primary education has fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2013 to 13 in 2023.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, teachers with 15 years of experience earn USD 55 725 at pre-primary level and USD 63 925 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries are 83–91% of the earnings of similarly educated tertiary-educated workers, while school heads usually earn more than tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • The ratio of students to academic staff is lower in public than in private institutions, averaging about 14 students per staff member in public tertiary institutions compared to 18 in private ones.
    • Nearly half of OECD and partner countries operate non-selective admission systems for first degrees, providing broad access to tertiary education, while entrance exams and centralised systems are also common.
    • The salaries of academic staff in tertiary education vary by seniority. On average, junior staff earn about 62 000 USD, while senior staff earn about 108 000 USD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Germany
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
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            Country Reviews for Germany
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.