Türkiye
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Türkiye
Overview of the education system (EAG 2025)
  • Between 2015 and 2022, per-student expenditure in Türkiye fell from USD 4,932 to USD 4,491, while education’s share of the public budget dropped from 12.9% to 10.6%, reflecting reduced priority in government spending.
  • Dropout rates in Türkiye are exceptionally low, with only 1% of first-time entrants leaving after the first year, compared to the OECD average of 13%.
  • International students make up a growing share in Türkiye, rising from 1.7% to 4.3% between 2013 and 2023, while the OECD average rose from 6% to 7.4%.
  • The share of young adults (25-34) without upper secondary attainment in Türkiye dropped from 41% to 28% between 2019 and 2024, compared to the OECD average of 13%, showing significant progress in reducing early school leaving.
  • Only 3% of 25-34 year-olds in Türkiye hold a master’s or equivalent degree, compared to the OECD average of 16%. This share has remained the same since 2019, highlighting slower growth in postgraduate attainment.
  • Bachelor’s completion rates in Türkiye are high, with 64% finishing on time, 78% after one extra year, and 86% after three years, far above the OECD averages of 43%, 59%, and 70% respectively.
    • | Education at a Glance 2025 | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2025 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Türkiye | Milli Egitim Bakanligi (Ministry of National Education, in English) | Milli Egitim Bakanligi Strateji Gelistirme Baskanligi (Ministry of National Education Department of Strategy Development, in Turkish) |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27.9 %, rank 5/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28 %, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.9 %, rank 4/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.1 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.9 %, rank 36/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.3 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.4 %, rank 32/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the lowest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2.2 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (73.1 %, rank 1/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.5 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.7 %, rank 5/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (2.6 %, rank 32/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.8 %, rank 36/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.2 %, rank 31/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19 %, rank 36/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.5 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 35-44 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27.4 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.9 %, rank 40/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old men whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2.1 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old women whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2.2 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 27/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.5 %, rank 5/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (47 %, rank 5/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53.1 %, rank 3/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26 %, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.1 %, rank 38/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 55-64 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.6 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 55-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.1 %, rank 38/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the smallest share of women among 55-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (35.2 %, rank 33/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (14.6 %, rank 3/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The share of new entrants younger than 25 in bachelor's or equivalent programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (71.1 %, rank 37/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of new female entrants in master's long first degree (LFD) programmes is relatively low. (57 %, rank 22/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of first-time entrants into tertiary education younger than 25 is relatively low. (68.2 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of new entrants in tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively old. (24.4 Years, rank 4/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in Türkiye is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (53.3 %, rank 37/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of first-time entrants in bachelor's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (48.1 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of first-time entrants in master's programmes is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (2.5 %, rank 20/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    In agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary, the share of female new entrants to bachelor’s programmes in Türkiye was among the smallest internationally. (35.7 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants to bachelor’s programmes in arts and humanities placed Türkiye among the smallest across countries. (58.1 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female new entrants to bachelor’s programmes in social sciences, journalism and information was among the smallest internationally. (53 %, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants in arts and humanities doctoral programmes placed Türkiye among the smallest across participating countries. (47.4 %, rank 33/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants in master’s programmes in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary was among the smallest in Türkiye compared to other countries. (43.7 %, rank 38/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants to master’s programmes in arts and humanities ranked among the smallest internationally. (52.3 %, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female new entrants to master’s programmes in business, administration and law was among the smallest across countries. (43.7 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In social sciences, journalism and information, female new entrants to master’s programmes were among the smallest across countries with available data. (50.6 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (63.6 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of arts and humanities is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (58 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.2 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31.9 %, rank 3/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics ans statistics is relatively small. (40.7 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of health and welfare is relatively small. (26.8 %, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (64 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in education in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (62.5 %, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in health and welfare in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (61.5 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (65.8 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (66.8 %, rank 38/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (54.7 %, rank 32/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering short-cycle tertiary programmes in information and communication technologies in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (68.6 %, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (49.3 %, rank 20/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    Enrolment in early childhood education (ISCED 0) among 3- to 5-year-olds placed Türkiye among the lowest across countries. (53.7 %, rank 40/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of children under age 3 in ECEC (ISCED 01) was one of the lowest across participating countries. (0.7 %, rank 31/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.3 %, rank 40/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (43.4 %, rank 42/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Enrolment in pre-primary education (ISCED 02) among 3- to 5-year-olds in Türkiye was among the lowest internationally. (53.7 %, rank 42/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Enrolment of 6–14-year-olds in primary education placed Türkiye among the lowest across countries. (45.3 %, rank 43/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 6–14-year-olds in upper secondary programmes in Türkiye was among the highest internationally. (11.7 %, rank 3/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the enrolment rate of children under 3 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.7 %, rank 38/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at early childhood educational and development level is comparatively high. (100 %, rank 1/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education in Türkiye is relatively low compared to the other countries. (0.5 %, rank 28/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of short-cycle tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes is comparativele high. (3 %, rank 3/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The percentage of two-year-olds in early childhood education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 38/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from general programmes at the upper secondary level in Türkiye is comparatively high. (22.6 Years, rank 1/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time bachelor's graduates is relatively low in Türkiye. (51.5 %, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time master's graduates is relatively low in Türkiye. (2.9 %, rank 20/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of master's or equivalent graduates in Türkiye is among the youngest. (24.1 Years, rank 22/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    In Türkiye, the share of female first-time master's graduates is relatively smallest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (54.7 %, rank 20/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.4 %, rank 39/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.4 %, rank 3/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of arts and humaties in Türkiye is relatively large. (17.3 %, rank 3/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law in Türkiye is relatively large. (13.6 %, rank 5/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of information and communication technologies in Türkiye is relatively small. (0.7 %, rank 41/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of tertiary graduates in STEM fields placed Türkiye among the smallest internationally. (18.6 %, rank 41/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3 %, rank 4/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 2/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (32.3 %, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is relatively low in Türkiye. (26.9 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (48.7 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (65.6 %, rank 40/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (54.9 %, rank 41/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (42.3 %, rank 40/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of services is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (0 %, rank 41/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates

    The completion rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme was among the highest across countries with available data. (73 %, rank 2/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, the completion rate to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme placed Türkiye among countries with the highest values. (53.7 %, rank 5/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Completion rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the theoretical duration ranked Türkiye among the countries with the highest levels. (63.7 %, rank 4/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes, measured by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year, were among the highest across participating countries. (86.1 %, rank 1/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year were among the highest in Türkiye compared to other countries. (70.4 %, rank 2/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    By the end of the theoretical duration plus one year, completion rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes placed Türkiye among the highest across countries with available data. (78.5 %, rank 2/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical duration, were among the highest across countries with available data. (91.2 %, rank 1/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates to bachelor's programmes three years after the theoretical duration placed Türkiye among the highest values internationally. (80.2 %, rank 2/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The completion rate of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical end of the programme, ranked Türkiye among the highest across countries. (85.8 %, rank 1/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the completion rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes in Education, measured three years after the theoretical end of the programme, was among the highest internationally. (93.1 %, rank 2/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Dropout rates

    The drop out rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration was among the lowest across countries with available data. (1.1 %, rank 30/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, the drop out rate by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme placed Türkiye among the lowest across countries. (2.3 %, rank 30/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The overall drop out rate of new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration ranked Türkiye among the lowest internationally. (1.7 %, rank 30/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Female drop out rates by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year were among the lowest across participating countries. (1.3 %, rank 30/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, drop out rates one year beyond the theoretical duration placed Türkiye among the lowest internationally. (2.7 %, rank 30/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Drop out rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes one year beyond the theoretical duration ranked Türkiye among the lowest across countries with available data. (2 %, rank 30/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Female drop out rates by the end of the theoretical duration plus three years placed Türkiye among the lowest across countries. (2.8 %, rank 30/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male drop out rates to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical duration, were among the lowest internationally. (6 %, rank 30/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The overall drop out rate of new entrants by the end of the theoretical duration plus three years was among the lowest across countries with available data. (4.3 %, rank 30/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of education is relatively low. (4.1 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively low. (2.3 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of new entrants to tertiary education in STEM fields ranked among the smallest across countries with available data. (19.3 %, rank 35/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (15.5 %, rank 4/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (21.7 %, rank 5/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (1.1 %, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of new entrants in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.9 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of new entrants in Information and communication technologies bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.3 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of new entrants in Information and communication tecnologies master's programmes is one of the lowest, compared to other countries with available data. (1.8 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of new entrants in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics bachelor's programmes is relatively low in Türkiye among countries with available data. (19.9 %, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Türkiye has a small share of international students graduate from tertiary programmes compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (1.8 %, rank 29/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of international students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Türkiye is relatively small. (12.2 %, rank 33/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, international or foreign students from North America are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 38/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, international or foreign students from Latin America and the Caribbean are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.2 %, rank 40/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international graduates among first-time master's graduates is relatively low. (6.9 %, rank 27/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively low. (7.9 %, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of international students among the new entrants in master's programmes in Türkiye is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (1.9 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5305 USD Equivalent, rank 36/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per secondary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4087 USD Equivalent, rank 36/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7119 USD Equivalent, rank 31/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (3904 USD Equivalent, rank 29/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (7024 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (4489 USD Equivalent, rank 28/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (128 USD Equivalent, rank 27/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary educational services on primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (122 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the annual expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively low. (4032 USD Equivalent, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student in primary to tertiary education is one the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4491 USD Equivalent, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, public expenditure from initial source of funds on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education per student is relatively low. (3548 USD Equivalent, rank 40/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has a total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student (primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education) comparatively low. (3413 USD Equivalent, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure on public educational institutions per full-time equivalent student from primary to tertiary education is relatively lowest in Türkiye. (4537 USD Equivalent, rank 39/41 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary general education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3128 USD Equivalent, rank 29/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary vocational education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6168 USD Equivalent, rank 28/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Türkiye, expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.6 %, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, public and private expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (2.1 %, rank 38/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (1.8 %, rank 42/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 4/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (2.7 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is small. (1.8 %, rank 29/31 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.6 %, rank 4/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on tertiary educational institutions is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.9 %, rank 5/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on tertiary education is relatively low. (0.9 %, rank 27/31 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively small. (83.7 %, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (83.6 %, rank 34/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of capital expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.8 %, rank 4/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (87.2 %, rank 32/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of capital expenditure on primary through tertiary is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.1 %, rank 3/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on primary through tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (85.9 %, rank 33/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of capital expenditure on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.1 %, rank 4/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (83.9 %, rank 33/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of teachers younger than 30 in secondary schools is among the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in pre-primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (61.4 %, rank 42/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in short-cycle tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (43.1 %, rank 22/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (58.6 %, rank 35/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially high. (16.3 %, rank 4/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially high. (68.6 %, rank 2/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (21.1 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (7.6 %, rank 36/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (17.8 %, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (15 %, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in general upper secondary education in Türkiye is relatively small. (54.4 %, rank 31/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Females aged 50 or more represent a small proportion of teachers in primary education in Türkiye. (47.3 %, rank 39/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in lower secondary education is especially low in Türkiye. (43.2 %, rank 36/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in upper secondary education is especially low in Türkiye. (37.2 %, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (63 %, rank 2/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (17 %, rank 22/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (24.1 %, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (23.2 %, rank 33/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of short-cycle tertiary female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (29.9 %, rank 22/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of male teachers in pre-primary education is especially high in Türkiye. (11.7 %, rank 2/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the percentage of teachers aged 50 or more is particularly low in Türkiye. (17 %, rank 33/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers under 30 in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.8 %, rank 5/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of upper secondary general education teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to the other countries with available data. (70.2 %, rank 2/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of upper secondary vocational education teachers aged 50 or more is relatively low, compared to the other countries with available data. (18.6 %, rank 31/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially high in Türkiye. (11.6 %, rank 2/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in upper secondary vocational education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (69.8 %, rank 2/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    In Türkiye, the change in statutory primary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively large. (137 Index, rank 3/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the change in statutory lower secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively large. (133 Index, rank 3/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Türkiye had some of the lowest actual salaries for junior academic staff in bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent programmes, in public institutions. (41583 USD Equivalent, rank 14/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the actual salaries of intermediate academic staff in public tertiary programmes were among the lowest. (48435 USD Equivalent, rank 14/16 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, actual salaries of senior academic staff in bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent programmes were among the lowest across countries. (62504 USD Equivalent, rank 17/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    For other academic staff not on an academic career track, actual salaries in Türkiye were among the highest across countries with available data. (74064 USD Equivalent, rank 2/10 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.3 Ratio, rank 5/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (18.5 Ratio, rank 5/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in independent private institutions is especially low in Türkiye. (8.5 Ratio, rank 21/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in private institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (25.2 Ratio, rank 5/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in public institutions short-cycle tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (46 Ratio, rank 1/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in private institutions short-cycle tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (42.4 Ratio, rank 2/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    Classes in in private primary institutions are comparatively small in Türkiye. (11 Students, rank 35/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary private institutions are comparatively small in Türkiye. (13 Students, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In independent private institutions at primary education level, the average class size is relatively smallest in Türkiye among OECD and other partner countries with available data. (11 Students, rank 21/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In independent private institutions at lower secondary level, classes are one of the smallest in Türkiye among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13 Students, rank 17/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (67.3 %, rank 29/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (77.1 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (84.7 %, rank 34/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (66.3 %, rank 34/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (60.7 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (73.7 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (65.7 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (52.1 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (37.8 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (69.1 %, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (63.2 %, rank 32/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (68.1 %, rank 25/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (74.8 %, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (67.2 %, rank 35/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (64.9 %, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (61 %, rank 35/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (82.8 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (77.5 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (70.1 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (62.6 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (73.3 %, rank 25/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (69.5 %, rank 26/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Türkiye. (75.5 %, rank 32/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Türkiye. (81.4 %, rank 30/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (75.4 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (63 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low. (86.7 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (31.3 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (37.5 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low. (63.2 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Türkiye. (81.5 %, rank 5/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (24.3 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (61.9 %, rank 38/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (37.5 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (61.8 %, rank 38/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (51.2 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (22.1 %, rank 38/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (35.4 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (17.4 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (38.9 %, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (37.6 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (37.4 %, rank 35/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Türkiye compared to other countries with available data. (36.4 %, rank 34/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (10.6 %, rank 4/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (7.5 %, rank 3/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (7.2 %, rank 3/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (4.9 %, rank 3/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64, with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the largest in Türkiye, compared to other OECD countries. (45.9 %, rank 5/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the smallest in Türkiye, compared to other OECD countries. (18.6 %, rank 29/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Türkiye. (10.3 %, rank 3/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Türkiye. (3.2 %, rank 9/10 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Türkiye. (7.7 %, rank 3/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a short cycle tertiary education degree is relatively high in Türkiye. (12 %, rank 2/21 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively high in Türkiye. (14.4 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (18 %, rank 2/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.2 %, rank 3/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.9 %, rank 2/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Türkiye. (19.5 %, rank 3/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is high in Türkiye. (17.6 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (24.1 %, rank 1/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (28.9 %, rank 4/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (16.9 %, rank 3/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (3.1 %, rank 7/9 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (11.8 %, rank 4/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (10.9 %, rank 3/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (22.6 %, rank 3/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (25.5 %, rank 2/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (18.5 %, rank 1/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (31.4 %, rank 1/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (33.3 %, rank 1/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (28.7 %, rank 2/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women without an upper secondary education is relatively high. (71.4 %, rank 1/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate 25-64 year-old women without an upper secondary education is relatively high compared to other countries with available data. (65.9 %, rank 1/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively low compared to other countries with available data. (9.5 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (54.7 %, rank 1/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (56.2 %, rank 1/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (52.5 %, rank 1/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (56.6 %, rank 1/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (53.8 %, rank 1/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (56.3 %, rank 1/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively high. (27.7 %, rank 2/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively high. (29.2 %, rank 1/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Türkiye. (126 Index, rank 5/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Türkiye. (135 Index, rank 3/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Türkiye. (142 Index, rank 3/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    The earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds without an upper secondary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (75.7 %, rank 21/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (79.7 %, rank 16/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of inactive youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among countries with available data. (23.6 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among countries with available data. (31.3 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high (75.2 %, rank 5/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high (54.6 %, rank 1/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is relatively high (31.4 %, rank 2/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high (53.8 %, rank 1/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is relatively high. (27.8 %, rank 2/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high. (54.2 %, rank 2/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary in Türkiye is relatively high. (29.7 %, rank 3/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high. (30 %, rank 2/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Türkiye is relatively high. (22.8 %, rank 2/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high. (31.1 %, rank 1/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are inactive NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high. (34.8 %, rank 1/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high. (9.6 %, rank 4/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are inactive NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high. (13.4 %, rank 3/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Türkiye is relatively high. (20.1 %, rank 2/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32.3 %, rank 2/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of men neither employed nor in education among 15-29 year-olds is relatively high. (13.3 %, rank 5/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of women neither employed nor in education among 15-29 year-olds is relatively high. (18.8 %, rank 4/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 20-24 year-old men in Türkiye, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (20.6 %, rank 4/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 25-29 year-old men in Türkiye, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (16.7 %, rank 5/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of women neither employed nor in education or training among 20-24 year-olds is relatively high . (42.6 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 18-24 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training is comparatively large in Türkiye. (31.3 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old men neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (22.1 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old women neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (41.6 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment among young adults has reached 48% on average across the OECD, the highest level ever, but progress has slowed since 2021. Attainment remains unequal, with women generally outpacing men, and older generations showing lower rates.
    • Employment outcomes for tertiary-educated adults remain strong overall: 87% of them are employed compared to 60% of those without upper seconday. Tertiary education offers good protection against unemployment, but women and disadvantaged groups still face labour market gaps, and inactivity persists among some adults. Moreover, adults with tertiary education earn on average 54% more than those with only upper secondary education.
    • Gender pay gaps remain significant. Despite higher attainment, women with tertiary education consistently earn less than men, even when working full-time, and this gap persists across age groups (73% on average for women aged 25 to 64).
    • Fields of study strongly influence labour market outcomes. Graduates in engineering and in health and welfare fare particularly well, while women’s participation in STEM remains below parity (14% of graduates at tertiary level) despite being 58% of all tertiary graduates.
    • Internationalisation continues to expand in tertiary education. The share of international students has grown steadily, and OECD countries host a large proportion of the world’s mobile students, reinforcing their global role in higher education.
    • Sustaining tertiary education requires adequate investment. Spending per student is already at 21 021 USD and rising, and tertiary expenditure represents a notable share of GDP (1.4% on average in OECD), making efficiency and equity crucial for long-term sustainability.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Access and Participation  | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Although many countries have near universal upper secondary attainment among 25–34 year-olds, on average across the OECD 13% of younger adults still lack an upper secondary qualification.
    • NEET shares are now below pre-pandemic levels in about half of OECD and partner countries with trend data; in 8 of these 16 countries the decline exceeds 1 percentage point, while 17 countries exceed pre-pandemic benchmarks and 6 saw increases of more than 2 percentage points.
    • Employment rates rise steadily with higher tertiary attainment: short-cycle 83%, bachelor’s 86%, master’s 90%, and doctoral or equivalent 93% among 25–64 year-olds.
    • Earnings premiums also increase with qualification level: on average across the OECD, short-cycle graduates earn 17% more than those with upper secondary; the advantage is 39% for bachelor’s and 83% for master’s/doctoral graduates.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 85% across the OECD. By contrast, only 29% of children under the age of 3 are enrolled.
    • Participation in early childhood education has grown over the past decade, with enrolment for children under age 3 increasing by 9 percentage points to 29%, and enrolment for ages 3 and above rising by 5 points to 85%.
    • The majority of students in vocational upper secondary education follow programmes that grant full access to tertiary education, with 76% of students enrolled in such programmes on average across the OECD.
    • Completion rates for bachelor’s programmes increase after the theoretical duration of programmes: on average, 44% of students graduate on time, compared to 69% three years after.
    • Students from Asia form the largest regional group of internationally mobile students in tertiary education, representing 58% of all foreign or international students across the OECD in 2023.
    • Only 43% of students complete a bachelor’s degree within the expected duration, though this rises to 59% with one additional year and 70% with three additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Governments spend on average USD 12 438 per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, and USD 15 102 per student in tertiary education including R&D.
    • Expenditure per student has risen in absolute terms since 2015, but its share in public budgets has declined, with government spending on education at almost 15% of total government expenditure on average in 2022.
    • Annual spending per student at primary and secondary levels varies widely across OECD countries, from under USD 3 000 in some systems to over USD 25 000 in the most highly funded ones.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education.
    • Spending per student differs markedly between public and private institutions, with expenditure in public tertiary institutions exceeding USD 33 000 in some countries, compared to less than USD 10 000 in others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
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    • Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 604 hours of compulsory instruction during primary and lower secondary education, with total hours ranging widely across education systems.
    • Compulsory instruction time averages 804 hours per year for primary students and 909 hours for lower secondary students, a difference of about 105 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in pre-primary education has fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2013 to 13 in 2023.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, teachers with 15 years of experience earn USD 55 725 at pre-primary level and USD 63 925 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries are 83–91% of the earnings of similarly educated tertiary-educated workers, while school heads usually earn more than tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • The ratio of students to academic staff is lower in public than in private institutions, averaging about 14 students per staff member in public tertiary institutions compared to 18 in private ones.
    • Nearly half of OECD and partner countries operate non-selective admission systems for first degrees, providing broad access to tertiary education, while entrance exams and centralised systems are also common.
    • The salaries of academic staff in tertiary education vary by seniority. On average, junior staff earn about 62 000 USD, while senior staff earn about 108 000 USD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Türkiye
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Türkiye
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.