Türkiye

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Türkiye
Overview of the education system (EAG 2026)
  • In Türkiye, the share of adults with tertiary attainment reaches 28.1% (OECD average : 42.7%), while the share of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment stands at 23.6% (OECD average : 39.9%) and 48.2% of 25-64 year-olds reached below upper secondary education (OECD average : 17.9%).
  • In upper secondary education, 88.6% complete their education within the theoretical programme duration (OECD average : 76.2%), while 98.6% of new entrants complete a general or vocational programme within two years after the end of the theoritical programme (OECD average : 84.9%).
  • Government expenditure on educational institutions, before transfers, on primary to tertiary education equalled 3% of GDP in 2023 (OECD average : 4%), while private expenditure equalled 0.6% (OECD average : 0.6%).
  • In 2023, Türkiye allocated an average of 9.9% of total government expenditure to education from primary to tertiary levels (OECD average : 9.8%), equivalent to 3.2% of GDP (OECD average : 4.2%).
  • Total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student equalled 11311 equivalent USD for tertiary education in Türkiye (OECD average : 22402 equivalent USD), while it added up to 4900 equivalent USD for primary education (OECD average : 13552 equivalent USD).
  • The unemployment rate among tertiary-educated young adults stands at 9.8% in 2025 (OECD average : 5%), while it is equal to 10.6% for 25-34 year-olds without an upper secondary education (OECD average : 13.9%).
  • Some 30.9% of all 18-24 year-olds were not in employment, education or training (NEET) in 2025 (OECD average : 14.1%), while 33.4% of 25-29 year-olds were NEET (OECD average : 16.3%).
  • On-site work varies with the level of education, while 8.5% of tertiary-educated workers sometimes or usually work from home in Türkiye (OECD average : 42.5%), 3.6% of workers with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment did so (OECD average : 17.7%).
  • In Türkiye, annual typical teaching hours were 720 hours in primary education (OECD average : 770 hours) and 504 hours in lower secondary education (OECD average : 710 hours).
  • Women represent 95.2% of pre-primary teaching staff in Türkiye (OECD average : 95.9%) and 60.8% in lower secondary education (OECD average : 68.2%).
  • In Türkiye, there are 98.2% of fully qualified teachers in primary and secondary schools (OECD average : 90.9%).
    • | Education at a Glance 2026 (EAG 2026): OECD Indicators | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2026 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Türkiye | Milli Egitim Bakanligi (Ministry of National Education, in English) | Milli Egitim Bakanligi Strateji Gelistirme Baskanligi (Ministry of National Education Department of Strategy Development, in Turkish) |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.2 %, rank 4/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.2 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (48.2 %, rank 4/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.6 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.3 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.7 %, rank 30/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the highest percentages of 25-64 year-old adults with less than primary education. (3.9 %, rank 3/30 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the lowest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2.4 %, rank 35/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16 %, rank 40/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (2.8 %, rank 34/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.4 %, rank 29/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.6 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 35-44 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.5 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.6 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.6 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old men whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2.4 %, rank 35/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old women whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (2.4 %, rank 35/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 31/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Türkiye is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25.7 %, rank 5/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Türkiye is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.8 %, rank 4/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.5 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.6 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.5 %, rank 41/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 55-64 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.8 %, rank 40/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 55-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.9 %, rank 41/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the smallest share of women among 55-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (35.2 %, rank 32/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    In Türkiye, the proportion of new female entrants in master's long first degree (LFD) programmes is relatively low. (57.4 %, rank 22/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in Türkiye is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (50.1 %, rank 40/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of first-time entrants in bachelor's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (43.5 %, rank 33/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    Enrolment in pre-primary education (ISCED 02) among 3- to 5-year-olds in Türkiye was among the lowest internationally. (50.2 %, rank 40/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education in Türkiye is relatively low compared to the other countries. (0.5 %, rank 28/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from vocational programmes at the upper secondary level in Türkiye is relatively low compared to other participating countries. (17.5 Years, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the average age of first-time tertiary graduates is relatively low. (23.5 Years, rank 29/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time bachelor's graduates is relatively low in Türkiye. (53 %, rank 29/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time master's graduates is relatively low in Türkiye. (4.7 %, rank 19/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The average age of short-cycle tertiary graduates in Türkiye is among the youngest. (23.3 Years, rank 22/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The average age of bachelor's or equivalent graduates in Türkiye is among the youngest. (23.6 Years, rank 26/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The average age of master's or equivalent graduates in Türkiye is among the youngest. (24.2 Years, rank 21/21 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    In Türkiye, the share of female first-time master's graduates is relatively small, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (54 %, rank 19/22 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.4 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of information and communication technologies in Türkiye is relatively small. (0.7 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.8 %, rank 29/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of tertiary graduates in STEM fields in Türkiye was one of the lowest compared to other participating countries. (18.3 %, rank 38/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (7.2 %, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is relatively low in Türkiye. (28.3 %, rank 38/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (47.4 %, rank 30/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (65.1 %, rank 33/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (57.2 %, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (44.3 %, rank 30/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Completion rates

    A relatively high share of upper secondary students complete their studies within the theoretical programme duration. (88.6 %, rank 4/26 , 2022) Download Indicator

    A relatively high share of upper secondary students complete their studies up to two years later than the theoretical programme duration. (98.6 %, rank 1/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    In Türkiye, international or foreign students from North America are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, international or foreign students from Latin America and the Caribbean are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.2 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international graduates among first-time master's graduates is relatively low. (6.8 %, rank 27/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively low. (8.1 %, rank 25/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11311 USD Equivalent, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6348 USD Equivalent, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per primary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4900 USD Equivalent, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per secondary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5226 USD Equivalent, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8428 USD Equivalent, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2883 USD Equivalent, rank 29/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (4894 USD Equivalent, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (8043 USD Equivalent, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (5520 USD Equivalent, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (224 USD Equivalent, rank 28/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary educational services on primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (256 USD Equivalent, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student on research and development for primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (573 USD Equivalent, rank 31/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the annual expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively low. (5118 USD Equivalent, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student in primary to tertiary education is one the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5195 USD Equivalent, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, public expenditure from initial source of funds on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education per student is relatively low. (4595 USD Equivalent, rank 39/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has a total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student (primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education) comparatively low. (4188 USD Equivalent, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9256 USD Equivalent, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary general education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4163 USD Equivalent, rank 29/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary vocational education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7819 USD Equivalent, rank 28/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Türkiye, expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.7 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, public and private expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (2.3 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (2 %, rank 39/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is small. (2 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    In Türkiye, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on tertiary education is relatively low. (0.8 %, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (83.8 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (86.9 %, rank 33/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of capital expenditure on primary through tertiary is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.1 %, rank 3/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on primary through tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (85.9 %, rank 33/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.3 %, rank 32/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of current expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (84.3 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of hours per year lower secondary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively low in Türkiye. (504 Hours, rank 37/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The percentage of secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (14 %, rank 40/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (66.2 %, rank 42/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60.7 %, rank 35/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (19.5 %, rank 38/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (8.6 %, rank 39/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (18.9 %, rank 42/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (15.6 %, rank 42/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Females aged 50 or more represent a small proportion of teachers in primary education in Türkiye. (50.2 %, rank 42/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in lower secondary education is especially low in Türkiye. (45.3 %, rank 38/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in upper secondary education is especially low in Türkiye. (37.8 %, rank 40/41 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (19.3 %, rank 24/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (25.7 %, rank 35/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (24.5 %, rank 35/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of short-cycle tertiary female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (39.8 %, rank 20/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the percentage of teachers aged 50 or more is particularly low in Türkiye. (17.9 %, rank 36/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of upper secondary vocational education teachers aged 50 or more is relatively low, compared to the other countries with available data. (19.9 %, rank 31/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    In Türkiye, the change in statutory primary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively large. (135 Index, rank 4/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the change in statutory lower secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively large. (131 Index, rank 4/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary female teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year women workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.92 Ratio, rank 1/26 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary male teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year men workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.56 Ratio, rank 2/26 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Teacher shortages

    In Türkiye, the proportion of fully qualified teachers in primary and secondary schools is one of the largest among OECD and participating countries. (98.2 %, rank 5/31 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in private institutions is especially low in Türkiye. (8.2 Ratio, rank 35/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.9 Ratio, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    Classes are particularly large in primary schools. (23 Students, rank 5/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (75 %, rank 41/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (62.2 %, rank 40/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (67.3 %, rank 32/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (76.6 %, rank 39/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (83.4 %, rank 37/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (64.8 %, rank 32/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (60.3 %, rank 37/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (73.3 %, rank 41/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (64.5 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (54 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (37.3 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (67.4 %, rank 32/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (62.2 %, rank 33/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (67.9 %, rank 27/28 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (72.9 %, rank 32/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (67.2 %, rank 36/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (64.7 %, rank 32/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (61.1 %, rank 36/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (81.8 %, rank 41/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (77.3 %, rank 41/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (69.4 %, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (62.5 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (72.6 %, rank 28/29 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (70.5 %, rank 29/29 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Türkiye. (75.4 %, rank 35/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Türkiye. (80 %, rank 35/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low. (86.4 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (30.1 %, rank 38/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (37.1 %, rank 41/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low. (62.9 %, rank 41/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (24.1 %, rank 36/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (61.6 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (36.6 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (63.3 %, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (51.1 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (21 %, rank 39/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (38 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low in Türkiye. (17.5 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (37.6 %, rank 32/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (37.6 %, rank 36/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (36.2 %, rank 32/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Türkiye. (35.8 %, rank 35/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (9.8 %, rank 4/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (7 %, rank 3/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (0.8 %, rank 19/20 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (7.6 %, rank 5/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Türkiye. (2.9 %, rank 9/10 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively high in Türkiye. (13.2 %, rank 2/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high in Türkiye. (28.1 %, rank 1/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is high in Türkiye. (18.7 %, rank 3/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (2.9 %, rank 11/12 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively low compared to other countries with available data. (10.9 %, rank 35/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    In Türkiye, the relative earnings for 45-54 year-old workers with below upper secondary attainment are low compared to workers with upper secondary attainment (73 Index, rank 26/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among workers with tertiary education in Türkiye, the proportion earning between 1 and 1.5 times the median is comparatively low. (21 Index, rank 27/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    The earnings of women without an upper secondary education are relatively low compared to those of women with an upper secondary education. (71 Index, rank 28/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds without an upper secondary education with income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (70.1 %, rank 25/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds without an upper secondary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (72.5 %, rank 22/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of inactive youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the largest among countries with available data. (23.9 %, rank 2/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the largest among countries with available data. (30.9 %, rank 2/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Türkiye is relatively high. (25.1 %, rank 2/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33.4 %, rank 2/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 15-29 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27.1 %, rank 2/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 18-24 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training is comparatively large in Türkiye. (30.9 %, rank 2/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old men neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (20.4 %, rank 2/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old women neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (42.6 %, rank 2/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Social outcomes

    The share of employed adults aged 25-64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment who sometimes or usually work from home was among the lowest in Türkiye compared with other countries with available data. (3.6 %, rank 28/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of employed adults aged 25-64 with tertiary attainment who sometimes or usually work from home was among the smallest across countries with available data. (8.5 %, rank 31/32 , 2023) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Educational attainment remains at an all-time high in 2025 as more people obtain advanced qualifications. Across the OECD, 43% of working-age adults have a tertiary qualification, while the share of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment is slightly lower at 39%.
    • On a similar note, the share of young adults without upper secondary attainment continues to decline across the OECD, standing at 12% in 2025. Therefore, while more young adults obtain a tertiary qualification, the share of individuals whose highest qualification is upper secondary with a vocational orientation is decreasing in almost all OECD countries. 
    • Regarding the share of young people being neither in employment nor in education or training, it stood at 14% as of 2025 across OECD countries. However, cross-country comparisons reveal a wide variety of trends, ranging from large falls in Croatia or Ireland to increases in Germany or Latvia.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 86% across the OECD in 2024. Participation in early childhood education increases with age and tends to be higher in countries with stronger institutional support for participation.
    • 76.2% of students complete upper secondary programmes within the theoretical programme duration. This rises to 84.9% with two additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • In 2023, OECD countries allocated an average of 9.8% of total government expenditure to education, equivalent to 4.2% of GDP.
    • Total expenditure on education tends to rise with the level of education. In primary education, expenditure per student was USD 13 552 in 2023 on average across the OECD. This amount rises to USD 14 923 in secondary education and to USD 22 402 in tertiary education.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education. However, as a whole most investment in education comes from public sources. On average, across the OECD, government expenditure on primary to tertiary education corresponded to 4% of GDP in 2023, while private expenditure corresponded to 0.6%. Both of these figures are measured as initial source of funds, which implies that we are tracking the original provider.
    • Research and development represents around one-third of total expenditure across the OECD on tertiary educational institutions, underlining their dual role in both teaching and research. On average across the OECD, in 2023, USD 8 060 were invested annually into research and development for every student enrolled in tertiary education.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Compulsory teaching time averages 770 hours per year for primary students and 710 hours for lower secondary students (general programmes), a difference of about 60 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in primary education has slightly fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2015 to 14 in 2024.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, across OECD countries and economies, the salaries of teachers with the most prevalent qualifications with 15 years of experience range from USD 60 437 at pre-primary level to USD 68 928 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries at primary and general secondary levels of education are 87-95% of the average earnings of tertiary-educated workers across OECD countries. School heads' actual salaries are usually higher than those of tertiary-educated workers.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Learning environment | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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    • On average across OECD countries, 9.1% of teachers in primary and secondary education are non-fully qualified, with shares exceeding 18% in Chile, Denmark, Estonia and Germany.
    • Furthermore, the share of fully qualified teachers leaving the profession in primary and secondary schools stands at 6.4% of the total teaching workforce.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in primary education has slightly fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2015 to 14 in 2024.
    • Regarding job satisfaction among teachers, participating countries show wide differences. Japan, Spain and Czechia reported that teachers tend to be much more satisfied with their jobs than other employed adults. On the other hand, teachers in Hungary, Chile or Latvia tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than other employed adults.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teacher working conditions | Education policies: Teacher employment | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Türkiye
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Türkiye
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			
            Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. 
			However, OECD averages from Education at a Glance coming from the OECD database are the averages for the indicator reference year appearing in the Education GPS and may differ from averages in the book where averages can include data from multiple reference years, based on countries' data availability.
			

    
			To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026 in the Northern Hemisphere.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Sources Methodologies and Technical Notes 
		of EAG 2025 for more details about the data collections.
		

    
        For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.