Romania
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Romania
Overview of the education system (EAG 2026)
| Education at a Glance 2026 (EAG 2026): OECD Indicators | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2026 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 |
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Attainment
The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.9 %, rank 5/40 , 2025) Download Indicator
The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52 %, rank 5/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.9 %, rank 5/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.5 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.4 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53.6 %, rank 3/33 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.4 %, rank 37/37 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (48.8 %, rank 2/33 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.2 %, rank 37/37 , 2025) Download Indicator
Attainment by gender
The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.7 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.3 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.9 %, rank 37/37 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.8 %, rank 37/37 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.1 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 35-44 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.4 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 45-54 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 55-64 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.3 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25.2 %, rank 39/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 35-44 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.1 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 45-54 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.6 %, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 55-64 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.4 %, rank 38/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Romania is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.6 %, rank 5/40 , 2025) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Romania is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (47.1 %, rank 35/37 , 2025) Download Indicator
Entrance by field of education and gender
The proportion of female new entrants in services bachelor’s programmes was among the smallest across countries with available data. (31 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator
The percentage of female new entrants to doctoral programmes in services was one of the smallest across countries. (29 %, rank 20/22 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of female new entrants to master's programmes in the field of services is one of the smallest across participating countries. (34.4 %, rank 24/26 , 2024) Download Indicator
The proportion of female new entrants in tertiary services programmes is one of the smallest across participating countries. (32.2 %, rank 23/23 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (71.1 %, rank 21/24 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (12 %, rank 23/25 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively small. (61.1 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Romania is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (33.2 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (69.7 %, rank 27/29 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in education in Romania is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (14.8 %, rank 25/28 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Romania is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (60.5 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Romania is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (57.6 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator
Participation in education
The enrolment rate of children under age 3 in ECEC (ISCED 01) was one of the lowest across participating countries. (5.4 %, rank 27/30 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at early childhood educational and development level is comparatively low. (3.6 %, rank 26/26 , 2024) Download Indicator
Graduation by field of education
The share of doctoral graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Romania is relatively small. (6.7 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.2 %, rank 32/33 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 31/33 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of tertiary graduates in STEM fields in Romania was one of the highest compared to other participating countries. (29.2 %, rank 5/38 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is relatively low. (2.9 %, rank 20/21 , 2024) Download Indicator
Graduation by field of education and gender
The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of education is relatively low in Romania. (1.7 %, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of services is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.8 %, rank 20/21 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of services is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (44 %, rank 26/30 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of services is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (35.3 %, rank 32/33 , 2024) Download Indicator
Fields of education
In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of education is relatively low. (4.7 %, rank 23/27 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of education is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (1.1 %, rank 27/31 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively low. (6.1 %, rank 31/31 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (6.5 %, rank 28/31 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of new entrants in education bachelor's programmes is among the smallest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.1 %, rank 29/32 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of new entrants in health and welfare bachelor's programmes is relatively small, compared to other countries with available data. (6 %, rank 31/32 , 2024) Download Indicator
Student mobility
The share of international students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Romania is relatively small. (5.2 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the proportion of international students among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively low. (4.8 %, rank 28/29 , 2024) Download Indicator
Student mobility by field of education
The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in Romania is relatively low. (1.6 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of students enrolled in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics among all international or foreign students is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (16.5 %, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator
Expenditure per student
Annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8432 USD Equivalent, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator
Annual expenditure per primary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4021 USD Equivalent, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator
Annual expenditure per student in post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2632 USD Equivalent, rank 22/23 , 2023) Download Indicator
Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28 USD Equivalent, rank 33/33 , 2023) Download Indicator
Expenditure per student for ancillary services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Romania is comparatively low. (20 USD Equivalent, rank 32/32 , 2023) Download Indicator
Expenditure per student for ancillary educational services on primary to tertiary education in Romania is comparatively low. (25 USD Equivalent, rank 33/33 , 2023) Download Indicator
Expenditure per student on research and development for primary to tertiary education in Romania is comparatively low. (5 USD Equivalent, rank 35/35 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the annual expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively low. (7365 USD Equivalent, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator
Annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student in primary to tertiary education is one the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6729 USD Equivalent, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator
Romania reported an annual total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student (primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education) comparatively low. (5878 USD Equivalent, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator
The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary vocational education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7603 USD Equivalent, rank 29/30 , 2023) Download Indicator
Expenditure in education and national wealth
In Romania, government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP at primary to tertiary levels of education is comparatively low. (2.6 %, rank 41/42 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies. (2.8 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.4 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.8 %, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, public and private expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (2 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, government expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (1.8 %, rank 42/42 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, government expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (2.4 %, rank 41/42 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the government expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is small. (1.8 %, rank 38/38 , 2023) Download Indicator
Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively low in Romania. (2.4 %, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator
Government and private expenditure in education
The share of private expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.9 %, rank 32/36 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, total government expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total government expenditure is comparatively low. (6.4 %, rank 40/42 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, total government expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of total government expenditure is comparatively low. (0.9 %, rank 42/43 , 2023) Download Indicator
Total government expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure, for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Romania compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.6 %, rank 40/42 , 2023) Download Indicator
Nature of expenditure
In Romania, the share of capital expenditure on primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 35/36 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of capital expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.3 %, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of capital expenditure on primary through tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.2 %, rank 34/35 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of current expenditure on primary through tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (95.8 %, rank 2/36 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of capital expenditure on secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.5 %, rank 33/35 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of capital expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 19/21 , 2023) Download Indicator
Teachers
The number of hours per year lower secondary teachers spend teaching general programmes in public institutions is comparatively low in Romania. (519 Hours, rank 36/40 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Romania, pre-primary public schools have among the fewest instruction days per school year across OECD and partner countries with available data. (173 Days, rank 34/36 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Romania, lower secondary public schools have among the fewest instruction days per school year across OECD and partner countries with available data. (173 Days, rank 37/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
Who the teachers are
The share of women among teaching staff in pre-primary education is one of the largest across OECD and partner countries with available data. (99.7 %, rank 1/40 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the largest across OECD and partner countries with available data. (72.7 %, rank 5/42 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53.8 %, rank 5/41 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of teachers' aides among contact staff in early childhood educational development is one of the lowest of OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.5 Ratio, rank 16/16 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of teachers' aides among contact staff in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.8 Ratio, rank 20/21 , 2024) Download Indicator
The percentage of male teachers in pre-primary education is especially low in Romania. (0.3 %, rank 40/40 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of teachers aged 50 or more in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively small in Romania, compared to the other countries with available data. (38.4 %, rank 18/22 , 2024) Download Indicator
Teachers' salaries
The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education are high in Romania. (1.14 Ratio, rank 3/26 , 2025) Download Indicator
Employment and educational attainment
The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high across participating countries. (92 %, rank 2/41 , 2025) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low across participating countries. (46.1 %, rank 37/40 , 2025) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education is relatively low in Romania compared to other participating countries. (36.1 %, rank 36/39 , 2025) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (48.8 %, rank 37/39 , 2025) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (54.9 %, rank 35/39 , 2025) Download Indicator
Employment by gender and educational attainment
The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women without upper secondary education is comparatively low across participating countries. (31.1 %, rank 37/39 , 2025) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is relatively low in Romania compared to other participating countries. (25 %, rank 35/38 , 2025) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is relatively low in Romania compared to other participating countries. (25.1 %, rank 36/39 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Romania, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (67.9 %, rank 28/32 , 2025) Download Indicator
Unemployment and educational attainment
The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (0.8 %, rank 36/36 , 2025) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.3 %, rank 37/37 , 2025) Download Indicator
Unemployment by gender and educational attainment
The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.1 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low across surveyed countries. (1.5 %, rank 36/39 , 2025) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is relatively high in Romania compared to other participating countries. (21.3 %, rank 5/38 , 2025) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively low in Romania compared to other participating countries. (1.1 %, rank 31/34 , 2025) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively low in Romania compared to other participating countries. (0.6 %, rank 35/35 , 2025) Download Indicator
Inactivity and educational attainment
The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with below upper secondary education is high in Romania. (46.4 %, rank 4/39 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Romania, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (6.8 %, rank 34/38 , 2025) Download Indicator
Inactivity by gender and educational attainment
In Romania, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (5.1 %, rank 35/35 , 2025) Download Indicator
In Romania, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (6.9 %, rank 35/36 , 2025) Download Indicator
Earnings and educational attainment
Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds with below secondary education compared to those of adults with an upper secondary education are relatively high in Romania. (90.9 %, rank 4/29 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of workers earning more than twice the median among those with a tertiary education degree is comparatively small. (2 Index, rank 30/30 , 2024) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the relative earnings of full-time, full-year workers aged 25-34 with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (relative to those without an upper secondary education) are comparatively low in Romania. (106 Index, rank 16/18 , 2024) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the relative earnings of full-time, full-year workers aged 25-64 with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (relative to those without an upper secondary education) are comparatively low in Romania. (109 Index, rank 19/20 , 2024) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the relative earnings of full-time, full-year workers aged 45-54 with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (relative to those without an upper secondary education) are comparatively low in Romania. (111 Index, rank 18/20 , 2024) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the relative earnings of full-time, full-year workers aged 25-34 with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (relative to those without an upper secondary education) are comparatively low in Romania. (108 Index, rank 15/18 , 2024) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the relative earnings of full-time, full-year workers aged 25-64 with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (relative to those without an upper secondary education) are comparatively low in Romania. (112 Index, rank 17/20 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of 25-64 year-old workers with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education earning more than twice the overall median in Romania is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0 Index, rank 29/29 , 2024) Download Indicator
The share of 25-64 year-old workers with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education earning at or below half the overall median in Romania is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0 Index, rank 29/29 , 2024) Download Indicator
Earnings, gender and educational attainment
Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (88.6 %, rank 1/28 , 2024) Download Indicator
Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (94.2 %, rank 1/29 , 2024) Download Indicator
In Romania, the proportion of young women's earnings as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with tertiary education working full-time full-year), is relatively high compared to OECD and other members with available data. (94.1 %, rank 2/29 , 2024) Download Indicator
Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are among the lowest across countries with available data. (80.1 %, rank 15/19 , 2024) Download Indicator
Neither in education nor employed
The share of unemployed youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Romania is one of the largest among countries with available data. (23 %, rank 4/38 , 2025) Download Indicator
The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Romania is relatively low. (5.2 %, rank 36/38 , 2025) Download Indicator
The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in Romania is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26 %, rank 4/38 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 15-29 year-olds in Romania is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.8 %, rank 4/39 , 2025) Download Indicator
The proportion of 18-24 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training is comparatively large in Romania. (23 %, rank 4/38 , 2025) Download Indicator
The percentage of 18-24 year-old women neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (28.2 %, rank 5/37 , 2025) Download Indicator
Social outcomes
Among employed adults aged 25-64 with below upper secondary attainment, the share who sometimes or usually work from home in Romania was among the smallest across countries with available data. (1 %, rank 28/29 , 2023) Download Indicator
The share of employed adults aged 25-64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment who sometimes or usually work from home was among the lowest in Romania compared with other countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 31/32 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of employed adults aged 25-64 with tertiary attainment who sometimes or usually work from home was among the smallest across countries with available data. (9.6 %, rank 30/32 , 2023) Download Indicator
The share of employed adults aged 25-64 with below upper secondary attainment who reported working overtime in their main job was among the lowest in Romania compared with other countries with available data. (2.3 %, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of employed adults aged 25-64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment reporting overtime work in their main job was among the smallest across countries with available data. (2.2 %, rank 28/32 , 2023) Download Indicator
Among employed adults aged 25-64 with tertiary attainment, the share reporting overtime work in their main job in Romania was among the lowest across countries with available data. (1.6 %, rank 29/32 , 2023) Download Indicator
In Romania, the share of adults aged 25-64 with below upper secondary attainment who kept worrying about work when not working some or most of the time was among the largest across countries with available data. (48.4 %, rank 2/26 , 2024) Download Indicator
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General findings
- Educational attainment remains at an all-time high in 2025 as more people obtain advanced qualifications. Across the OECD, 43% of working-age adults have a tertiary qualification, while the share of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment is slightly lower at 39%.
- On a similar note, the share of young adults without upper secondary attainment continues to decline across the OECD, standing at 12% in 2025. Therefore, while more young adults obtain a tertiary qualification, the share of individuals whose highest qualification is upper secondary with a vocational orientation is decreasing in almost all OECD countries.
- Regarding the share of young people being neither in employment nor in education or training, it stood at 14% as of 2025 across OECD countries. However, cross-country comparisons reveal a wide variety of trends, ranging from large falls in Croatia or Ireland to increases in Germany or Latvia.
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- Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 86% across the OECD in 2024. Participation in early childhood education increases with age and tends to be higher in countries with stronger institutional support for participation.
- 76.2% of students complete upper secondary programmes within the theoretical programme duration. This rises to 84.9% with two additional years on average across the OECD.
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- In 2023, OECD countries allocated an average of 9.8% of total government expenditure to education, equivalent to 4.2% of GDP.
- Total expenditure on education tends to rise with the level of education. In primary education, expenditure per student was USD 13 552 in 2023 on average across the OECD. This amount rises to USD 14 923 in secondary education and to USD 22 402 in tertiary education.
- Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education. However, as a whole most investment in education comes from public sources. On average, across the OECD, government expenditure on primary to tertiary education corresponded to 4% of GDP in 2023, while private expenditure corresponded to 0.6%. Both of these figures are measured as initial source of funds, which implies that we are tracking the original provider.
- Research and development represents around one-third of total expenditure across the OECD on tertiary educational institutions, underlining their dual role in both teaching and research. On average across the OECD, in 2023, USD 8 060 were invested annually into research and development for every student enrolled in tertiary education.
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- Compulsory teaching time averages 770 hours per year for primary students and 710 hours for lower secondary students (general programmes), a difference of about 60 hours annually.
- The ratio of children to teachers in primary education has slightly fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2015 to 14 in 2024.
- Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, across OECD countries and economies, the salaries of teachers with the most prevalent qualifications with 15 years of experience range from USD 60 437 at pre-primary level to USD 68 928 at upper secondary level.
- Teachers’ actual salaries at primary and general secondary levels of education are 87-95% of the average earnings of tertiary-educated workers across OECD countries. School heads' actual salaries are usually higher than those of tertiary-educated workers.
| Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Learning environment | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) |
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- On average across OECD countries, 9.1% of teachers in primary and secondary education are non-fully qualified, with shares exceeding 18% in Chile, Denmark, Estonia and Germany.
- Furthermore, the share of fully qualified teachers leaving the profession in primary and secondary schools stands at 6.4% of the total teaching workforce.
- The ratio of children to teachers in primary education has slightly fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2015 to 14 in 2024.
- Regarding job satisfaction among teachers, participating countries show wide differences. Japan, Spain and Czechia reported that teachers tend to be much more satisfied with their jobs than other employed adults. On the other hand, teachers in Hungary, Chile or Latvia tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than other employed adults.
| Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teacher working conditions | Education policies: Teacher employment |
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Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities,
such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
for each publication.
All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. However, OECD averages from Education at a Glance coming from the OECD database are the averages for the indicator reference year appearing in the Education GPS and may differ from averages in the book where averages can include data from multiple reference years, based on countries' data availability.
To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026 in the Northern Hemisphere.
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Sources Methodologies and Technical Notes of EAG 2025 for more details about the data collections.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.
All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. However, OECD averages from Education at a Glance coming from the OECD database are the averages for the indicator reference year appearing in the Education GPS and may differ from averages in the book where averages can include data from multiple reference years, based on countries' data availability.
To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026 in the Northern Hemisphere.
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Sources Methodologies and Technical Notes of EAG 2025 for more details about the data collections.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.