Romania
Explore the OECD's reports or draw from a wide variety of education indicators and data to construct your own, customised country reports, highlighting the facts, developments and outcomes of your choice.



Romania
Overview of the education system (EAG 2025)
  • The share of young adults without upper secondary fell from 26% to 24% (2019–2024), but tertiary attainment also declined from 26% to 23%, unlike most OECD countries.
  • Tertiary graduates have excellent employment prospects, with a 92% employment rate vs 87% across the OECD, but their earnings advantage is only 41%, below the OECD average of 54%.
  • School enrolment gaps are wide: 16% of 6–14 year-olds and 32% of 15–19 year-olds are not enrolled, compared to OECD averages of 2% and 16% respectively.
  • Bachelor’s completion rates are high, with 62% graduating on time vs 43% OECD-wide, and up to 66% finishing within three extra years.
  • International student mobility is growing, with the share of foreign students rising from 5.4% in 2018 to 6.7% in 2023, close to the OECD average of 7.4%.
  • Teacher salaries are relatively high, as primary teachers earn 14% more than tertiary-educated workers, while across the OECD they earn 19% less. Bonuses are added for extra tasks and mentoring.
    • | Education at a Glance 2025 | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2025 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 |

    Select first some countries to compare, choose the charts you wish to display and customise them.

    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

    Show indicators for which your country ranks among the top or bottom: Sort by:

    Attainment

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.6 %, rank 5/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (56.2 %, rank 5/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.2 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.2 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.3 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53.4 %, rank 4/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a general upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.8 %, rank 37/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (62.6 %, rank 5/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.3 %, rank 4/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.3 %, rank 37/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.1 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.4 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.3 %, rank 37/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.2 %, rank 37/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 35-44 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.7 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.6 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 35-44 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.9 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.9 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.9 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Romania is one of the highest among countries with available data. (55.4 %, rank 3/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Romania is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (44.6 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (2.4 %, rank 28/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (6.8 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    Female new entrants in services bachelor’s programmes were among the smallest across countries with available data. (31.1 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants to master’s programmes in services placed Romania among the smallest across participating countries. (34.9 %, rank 35/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants in tertiary education in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary placed Romania among the smallest internationally. (44.7 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants in tertiary services programmes were among the smallest across countries. (32.5 %, rank 36/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (85.4 %, rank 5/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (62.8 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31.3 %, rank 4/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33.9 %, rank 4/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics ans statistics is relatively small. (40.1 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (40.5 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Romania is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (31.6 %, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (70.6 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Romania is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (59.5 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Romania is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (55.9 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The enrolment rate of children under age 3 in ECEC (ISCED 01) was one of the lowest across participating countries. (4.4 %, rank 28/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at early childhood educational and development level is comparatively low. (2.3 %, rank 28/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of upper secondary students enrolled in programmes giving partial completion or insufficient for completion is relatively high compared to the other countries. (24.7 %, rank 5/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education is relatively large compared to other OECD or partner contries. (100 %, rank 1/15 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (71 %, rank 4/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates among post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes in Romania is relatively high. (67.7 %, rank 5/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.3 %, rank 5/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of arts and humaties in Romania is relatively large. (22.8 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Romania is relatively small. (6.2 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.9 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 35/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 5/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 2/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    In Romania, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.5 %, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of education is relatively low in Romania. (1.5 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of services is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.7 %, rank 27/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of services is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (43.3 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the field of education is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (89.1 %, rank 4/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (76.4 %, rank 1/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (68.6 %, rank 3/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (42.1 %, rank 3/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (38 %, rank 3/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of services is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (35.9 %, rank 37/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates

    The completion rate of female new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme was among the highest across countries with available data. (66.6 %, rank 5/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Completion rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the theoretical duration ranked Romania among the countries with the highest levels. (61.7 %, rank 5/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Dropout rates

    For male new entrants, the drop out rate by the end of the theoretical duration of the programme placed Romania among the highest across countries. (39 %, rank 5/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    For male new entrants, drop out rates one year beyond the theoretical duration placed Romania among the highest internationally. (42.8 %, rank 5/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (16.7 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of education is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (1.3 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (25.8 %, rank 4/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively low. (6.3 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (6.3 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of new entrants in education bachelor's programmes is comparatively smallest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.8 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of new entrants in health and welfare bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (6 %, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    The share of international students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Romania is relatively small. (4.3 %, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of international and foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.1 %, rank 40/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively low. (5.1 %, rank 29/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (5.3 %, rank 36/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (3 %, rank 37/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in Romania is relatively low. (1.6 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.6 %, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of students enrolled in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics among all international or foreign students is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (16.3 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of students enrolled in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary among all international or foreign tertiary students is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (5.3 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per pupil at the pre-primary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5765 USD Equivalent, rank 29/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per primary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3758 USD Equivalent, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student in post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2624 USD Equivalent, rank 21/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12 USD Equivalent, rank 36/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Romania is comparatively low. (6263 USD Equivalent, rank 27/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary to tertiary education in Romania is comparatively low. (7184 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Romania is comparatively low. (25 USD Equivalent, rank 29/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary educational services on primary to tertiary education in Romania is comparatively low. (34 USD Equivalent, rank 28/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student on research and development for primary to tertiary education in Romania is comparatively low. (2 USD Equivalent, rank 36/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on upper secondary vocational education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7190 USD Equivalent, rank 27/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Romania, expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies. (2.5 %, rank 40/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.4 %, rank 40/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.7 %, rank 41/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, public and private expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (1.8 %, rank 40/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (1.7 %, rank 44/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0 %, rank 37/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 4/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0 %, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (2.4 %, rank 43/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0 %, rank 39/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is small. (1.7 %, rank 31/31 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is low. (0 %, rank 27/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively low in Romania. (2.4 %, rank 29/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The proportion of private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is comparatively low in Romania. (0 %, rank 28/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, international expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on tertiary education is relatively large. (0.1 %, rank 5/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Romania is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 26/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The percentage of capital expenditure on secondary education is relatively small in Romania. (0 %, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.8 %, rank 37/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of private expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 40/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Romania has one of the smallest shares of private expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (0.7 %, rank 39/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (6.3 %, rank 40/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, total public expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (0.9 %, rank 42/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively high. (4.6 %, rank 2/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for tertiary education is comparatively large in Romania. (90.1 %, rank 4/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary to tertiary education is comparatively large. (94.7 %, rank 5/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure, for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Romania compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.6 %, rank 40/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Romania, the share of capital expenditure on primary through tertiary is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.6 %, rank 31/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of current expenditure on primary through tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (94.4 %, rank 5/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of capital expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.4 %, rank 16/19 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in pre-primary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (99.7 %, rank 1/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (72.7 %, rank 5/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (79.3 %, rank 5/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (58.2 %, rank 4/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers under 30 in early childhood educational development is especially high in Romania. (21.4 %, rank 5/19 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of women among teaching staff in early childhood educational development is one of the highest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (99.7 %, rank 2/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of male teachers in pre-primary education is especially low in Romania. (0.3 %, rank 40/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged 50 or more in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Romania, compared to the other countries with available data. (37.6 %, rank 18/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Romania, compared to other countries with available data. (57.3 %, rank 3/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is high in Romania. (1.25 Ratio, rank 3/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    In Romania, the ratio of children to teaching staff in early childhood educational development is one of the highest compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.8 Ratio, rank 3/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania the ratio of children to contact staff in early childhood educational development is one of the highest compared to the other OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.9 Ratio, rank 1/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of teachers' aides among contact staff in early childhood educational development is one of the lowest of OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.8 Ratio, rank 12/12 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of teachers' aides among contact staff in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.8 Ratio, rank 17/18 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    The total compulsory instruction time for primary students in Romania is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2700 Hours, rank 38/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the total intended instruction time for primary students (in hours per year) is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2700 Hours, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Romania, total intended instruction time for primary and lower secondary students (in hours per year) is among the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6035 Hours, rank 30/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Romania, compulsory instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (540 Hours, rank 40/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the intended instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (540 Hours, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (91.5 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Romania. (45 %, rank 35/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively high in Romania. (91.8 %, rank 5/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Romania. (34.9 %, rank 35/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (50 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Romania. (91.8 %, rank 2/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (91.5 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (47.5 %, rank 36/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (32.7 %, rank 36/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively high. (90.5 %, rank 2/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively high in Romania. (94.3 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Romania. (26.3 %, rank 33/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively high in Romania. (89.8 %, rank 4/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Romania. (22.9 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of employed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (89.5 %, rank 3/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (91.1 %, rank 3/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (91 %, rank 4/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (92.4 %, rank 2/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (2.3 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.9 %, rank 33/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.4 %, rank 36/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.4 %, rank 35/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64, with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Romania, compared to other OECD countries. (16.4 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Romania, compared to other OECD countries. (16.4 %, rank 26/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Romania. (2.3 %, rank 33/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.3 %, rank 35/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.5 %, rank 35/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Romania. (19.6 %, rank 4/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Romania. (1.9 %, rank 32/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with below upper secondary education is high in Romania. (45.1 %, rank 3/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (6.1 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (46 %, rank 3/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Romania, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women without an upper secondary education is relatively high. (69.3 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the inactivity rate 25-64 year-old women without an upper secondary education is relatively high compared to other countries with available data. (63.6 %, rank 2/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (6.1 %, rank 35/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds with below secondary education compared to those of adults with an upper secondary education are relatively high in Romania. (94 %, rank 2/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the share of worker earning more than twice the median among those with a tertiary education degree is comparatively . (2 Index, rank 30/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Romania. (105 Index, rank 19/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Romania. (112 Index, rank 20/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Romania. (115 Index, rank 18/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Romania. (106 Index, rank 19/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Romania. (111 Index, rank 20/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Romania. (111 Index, rank 20/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education earning more than twice the overall median in Romania is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0 Index, rank 28/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education earning at or below half the overall median in Romania is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0 Index, rank 29/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Romania. (158 Index, rank 26/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    The earnings of men without an upper secondary education are relatively high compared to those of men with an upper secondary education. (91 Index, rank 2/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The earnings of women without an upper secondary education are relatively high compared to those of women with an upper secondary education. (88 Index, rank 5/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (88.2 %, rank 2/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (93 %, rank 1/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (93.4 %, rank 3/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education are one of the highest among countries with available data. (92.9 %, rank 1/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education are one of the highest among countries with available data. (88.1 %, rank 1/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the high among countries with available data. (87.4 %, rank 5/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (88.1 %, rank 3/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (85.4 %, rank 3/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (82.2 %, rank 5/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (87.2 %, rank 2/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (88.5 %, rank 1/21 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (89.7 %, rank 1/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (89 %, rank 2/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (94 %, rank 2/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings by field of education

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Romania who studied in the field of arts and humanities, social sciences, journalism and information are high, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (96.1 %, rank 4/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Romania who studied in the field of business, administration and law, are low, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (97 %, rank 12/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Romania who studied in the field of education, are high, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (89.3 %, rank 4/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Romania who studied in the field of health and welfare, are high, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (107.3 %, rank 4/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of tertiary-educated adults in Romania who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics, are low, when compared to earnings of adults with an upper secondary education. (96.2 %, rank 12/14 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of unemployed youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Romania is one of the highest among countries with available data. (21.7 %, rank 5/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Romania is relatively high (76.2 %, rank 4/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training without an upper secondary in Romania is relatively high. (53.1 %, rank 4/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Romania is relatively low. (6 %, rank 32/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Romania is relatively low. (5.1 %, rank 33/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Romania is relatively high. (22.7 %, rank 5/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are inactive NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Romania is relatively high. (23.4 %, rank 5/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Romania, the percentage of women neither employed nor in education or training among 20-24 year-olds is relatively high . (30.6 %, rank 4/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 18-24 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training is comparatively large in Romania. (21.7 %, rank 5/37 , 2024) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment among young adults has reached 48% on average across the OECD, the highest level ever, but progress has slowed since 2021. Attainment remains unequal, with women generally outpacing men, and older generations showing lower rates.
    • Employment outcomes for tertiary-educated adults remain strong overall: 87% of them are employed compared to 60% of those without upper seconday. Tertiary education offers good protection against unemployment, but women and disadvantaged groups still face labour market gaps, and inactivity persists among some adults. Moreover, adults with tertiary education earn on average 54% more than those with only upper secondary education.
    • Gender pay gaps remain significant. Despite higher attainment, women with tertiary education consistently earn less than men, even when working full-time, and this gap persists across age groups (73% on average for women aged 25 to 64).
    • Fields of study strongly influence labour market outcomes. Graduates in engineering and in health and welfare fare particularly well, while women’s participation in STEM remains below parity (14% of graduates at tertiary level) despite being 58% of all tertiary graduates.
    • Internationalisation continues to expand in tertiary education. The share of international students has grown steadily, and OECD countries host a large proportion of the world’s mobile students, reinforcing their global role in higher education.
    • Sustaining tertiary education requires adequate investment. Spending per student is already at 21 021 USD and rising, and tertiary expenditure represents a notable share of GDP (1.4% on average in OECD), making efficiency and equity crucial for long-term sustainability.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Access and Participation  | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
                                Visualisations
    
                            

                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                    
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                    
            

    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Although many countries have near universal upper secondary attainment among 25–34 year-olds, on average across the OECD 13% of younger adults still lack an upper secondary qualification.
    • NEET shares are now below pre-pandemic levels in about half of OECD and partner countries with trend data; in 8 of these 16 countries the decline exceeds 1 percentage point, while 17 countries exceed pre-pandemic benchmarks and 6 saw increases of more than 2 percentage points.
    • Employment rates rise steadily with higher tertiary attainment: short-cycle 83%, bachelor’s 86%, master’s 90%, and doctoral or equivalent 93% among 25–64 year-olds.
    • Earnings premiums also increase with qualification level: on average across the OECD, short-cycle graduates earn 17% more than those with upper secondary; the advantage is 39% for bachelor’s and 83% for master’s/doctoral graduates.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
                                Visualisations
    
                            

                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                    
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                    
            

    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 85% across the OECD. By contrast, only 29% of children under the age of 3 are enrolled.
    • Participation in early childhood education has grown over the past decade, with enrolment for children under age 3 increasing by 9 percentage points to 29%, and enrolment for ages 3 and above rising by 5 points to 85%.
    • The majority of students in vocational upper secondary education follow programmes that grant full access to tertiary education, with 76% of students enrolled in such programmes on average across the OECD.
    • Completion rates for bachelor’s programmes increase after the theoretical duration of programmes: on average, 44% of students graduate on time, compared to 69% three years after.
    • Students from Asia form the largest regional group of internationally mobile students in tertiary education, representing 58% of all foreign or international students across the OECD in 2023.
    • Only 43% of students complete a bachelor’s degree within the expected duration, though this rises to 59% with one additional year and 70% with three additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
                                Visualisations
    
                            

                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                    
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                    
            

    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Governments spend on average USD 12 438 per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, and USD 15 102 per student in tertiary education including R&D.
    • Expenditure per student has risen in absolute terms since 2015, but its share in public budgets has declined, with government spending on education at almost 15% of total government expenditure on average in 2022.
    • Annual spending per student at primary and secondary levels varies widely across OECD countries, from under USD 3 000 in some systems to over USD 25 000 in the most highly funded ones.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education.
    • Spending per student differs markedly between public and private institutions, with expenditure in public tertiary institutions exceeding USD 33 000 in some countries, compared to less than USD 10 000 in others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
                                Visualisations
    
                            

                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                    
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                    
            

    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 604 hours of compulsory instruction during primary and lower secondary education, with total hours ranging widely across education systems.
    • Compulsory instruction time averages 804 hours per year for primary students and 909 hours for lower secondary students, a difference of about 105 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in pre-primary education has fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2013 to 13 in 2023.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, teachers with 15 years of experience earn USD 55 725 at pre-primary level and USD 63 925 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries are 83–91% of the earnings of similarly educated tertiary-educated workers, while school heads usually earn more than tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • The ratio of students to academic staff is lower in public than in private institutions, averaging about 14 students per staff member in public tertiary institutions compared to 18 in private ones.
    • Nearly half of OECD and partner countries operate non-selective admission systems for first degrees, providing broad access to tertiary education, while entrance exams and centralised systems are also common.
    • The salaries of academic staff in tertiary education vary by seniority. On average, junior staff earn about 62 000 USD, while senior staff earn about 108 000 USD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
                                Visualisations
    
                            

                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                    
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                Click the arrow sign next to the title:
                                    arrows
                                    to display other variables
                                
    
                                
                                    
                                
    
                            
    
                    
            
                
    
            
    
        
    
        
    
            
        
    
        
    
            
        
    

        
        
		
        
		
    
			
    
				Key
            
    
            Diagram of funding flows - Romania
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
				Key
            
    
            Country Reviews for Romania
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.