Poland

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Poland
Overview of the education system (EAG 2026)
  • In Poland, the share of adults with tertiary attainment reaches 40% (OECD average : 42.7%), while the share of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment stands at 54.9% (OECD average : 39.9%) and 5.1% of 25-64 year-olds reached below upper secondary education (OECD average : 17.9%).
  • Some 86.6% of children aged 3 are enrolled in early childhood education (OECD average : 81.5%), while 94.5% of children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education (OECD average : 86%).
  • Government expenditure on educational institutions, before transfers, on primary to tertiary education equalled 3.6% of GDP in 2023 (OECD average : 4%), while private expenditure equalled 0.4% (OECD average : 0.6%).
  • In 2023, Poland allocated an average of 8% of total government expenditure to education from primary to tertiary levels (OECD average : 9.8%), equivalent to 3.7% of GDP (OECD average : 4.2%).
  • Total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student equalled 16958 equivalent USD for tertiary education in Poland (OECD average : 22402 equivalent USD), while it added up to 12727 equivalent USD for primary education (OECD average : 13552 equivalent USD).
  • The unemployment rate among tertiary-educated young adults stands at 2.1% in 2025 (OECD average : 5%), while it is equal to 12.9% for 25-34 year-olds without an upper secondary education (OECD average : 13.9%).
  • Some 13.9% of all 18-24 year-olds were not in employment, education or training (NEET) in 2025 (OECD average : 14.1%), while 14.4% of 25-29 year-olds were NEET (OECD average : 16.3%).
  • On-site work varies with the level of education, while 23.2% of tertiary-educated workers sometimes or usually work from home in Poland (OECD average : 42.5%), 7.9% of workers with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment did so (OECD average : 17.7%).
  • In Poland, annual typical teaching hours were 608 hours in primary education (OECD average : 770 hours) and 486 hours in lower secondary education (OECD average : 710 hours).
  • Women represent 98.1% of pre-primary teaching staff in Poland (OECD average : 95.9%) and 76% in lower secondary education (OECD average : 68.2%).
  • In Poland, there are 95% of fully qualified teachers in primary and secondary schools (OECD average : 90.9%). However, 4.2% of fully qualified teachers in primary and secondary education left the profession through retirement or resignation in 2025 (OECD average : 6.4%).
    • | Education at a Glance 2026 (EAG 2026): OECD Indicators | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2026 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Poland | Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej (Ministry of National Education, in Polish) | Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyzszego (Ministry of Science and Higher Education, in Polish) | Glówny Urzad Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office) |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.1 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Poland has one of the lowest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.2 %, rank 33/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.4 %, rank 36/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.3 %, rank 31/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the largest among countries with available data. (30.1 %, rank 2/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    Poland has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old women whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.3 %, rank 32/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Poland is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.9 %, rank 37/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Poland is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.3 %, rank 40/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 55-64 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Poland is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.6 %, rank 37/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The share of 55-64 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Poland is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.2 %, rank 36/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    In Poland, the average age of new entrants in doctoral programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27.9 Years, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of first-time entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (0.1 %, rank 28/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.2 %, rank 23/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (55.4 %, rank 24/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively small. (62.5 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15 %, rank 27/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in information and communication technologies in Poland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (15.6 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering short cycle tertiary programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Poland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (0 %, rank 25/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (38.9 %, rank 27/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Poland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (32.5 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Poland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (56.5 %, rank 25/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Poland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (56.9 %, rank 25/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering short-cycle tertiary programmes in education in Poland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (0 %, rank 19/20 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering short-cycle tertiary programmes in health and welfare in Poland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (0 %, rank 23/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    Enrolment of 6–14-year-olds in primary education placed Poland among the lowest across countries. (43.4 %, rank 41/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of female students in lower secondary general programmes was among the smallest internationally. (47.8 %, rank 42/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the enrolment rate of children under 3 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 33/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary programmes in Poland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (83.6 %, rank 1/43 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary vocational programmes in Poland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (45.9 %, rank 4/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of two-year-olds in early childhood education in Poland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.2 %, rank 33/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in ECEC in Poland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/44 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    In Poland, the percentage of first-time short-cycle tertiary graduates younger than 30 is relatively low. (16.4 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of first-time short-cycle graduates is relatively low in Poland. (0.1 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary general programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (61.3 %, rank 4/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (37.6 %, rank 36/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    In Poland, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 29/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of tertiary graduates in STEM fields in Poland was one of the lowest compared to other participating countries. (19.2 %, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively low. (0.1 %, rank 21/21 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Poland, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is relatively low. (4.8 %, rank 23/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of new entrants to tertiary education in STEM fields was one of the smallest across countries with available data. (21.5 %, rank 26/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively small. (0 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively small. (1.2 %, rank 27/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of business, administration and law is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (3.6 %, rank 29/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (2.1 %, rank 29/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of new entrants in education bachelor's programmes is comparatively smallest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.9 %, rank 30/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the proportion of new entrants in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics master's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.9 %, rank 30/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of new entrants in Information and communication tecnologies master's programmes is one of the lowest, compared to other countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 30/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is comparatively low in Poland, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.9 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of services is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0 %, rank 24/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the proportion of new entrants in science, technology, engineering and mathematics master's programmes is especially low, compared to the other countries with other data. (8.9 %, rank 31/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of new entrants in engineering, manufacturing and construction master's programmes is relatively low in Poland among countries with available data. (4.5 %, rank 31/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    The share of international students entering short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 28/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of international and foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.4 %, rank 38/41 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (3.9 %, rank 36/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.9 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in Poland is relatively low. (2 %, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all international or foreign tertiary students in Poland is relatively low. (7.3 %, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of students enrolled in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics among all international or foreign students is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (17.4 %, rank 36/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Adult participation in non-formal education

    In Poland, the share of employed adults aged 25-44 participating in non-formal education or training was among the lowest across countries with available data. (28 %, rank 28/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of employed adults aged 45-64 participating in non-formal education or training was among the smallest in Poland compared with other countries with available data. (24 %, rank 28/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Among employed adults aged 25-64, participation in non-formal education or training in Poland was among the lowest across countries with available data. (26.3 %, rank 28/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of unemployed adults aged 25-44 participating in non-formal education or training was among the smallest across countries with available data. (8.6 %, rank 28/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Among unemployed adults aged 25-64, the share participating in non-formal education or training in Poland was among the lowest across countries with available data. (11.4 %, rank 29/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of adults aged 25-44 outside the labour force participating in non-formal education or training was among the smallest across countries with available data. (7.4 %, rank 30/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of adults aged 45-64 outside the labour force participating in non-formal education or training was among the lowest in Poland compared with other countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 30/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Among adults aged 25-64 outside the labour force, participation in non-formal education or training in Poland was among the lowest across countries with available data. (4.3 %, rank 29/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per student in post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5022 USD Equivalent, rank 19/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10633 USD Equivalent, rank 29/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of hours per year lower secondary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively low in Poland. (486 Hours, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The number of hours per year upper secondary teachers spend teaching general programmes in public institutions is comparatively low in Poland. (481 Hours, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of teachers younger than 30 in secondary schools is among the smallest compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.9 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (4.4 %, rank 41/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (3.6 %, rank 37/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (4.2 %, rank 38/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (4 %, rank 41/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (38.6 %, rank 23/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (0 %, rank 24/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers under 30 in Poland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.7 %, rank 33/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially low in Poland. (3.8 %, rank 28/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    In Poland, the change in statutory primary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively large. (131 Index, rank 5/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the change in statutory lower secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively large. (131 Index, rank 4/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in government-dependent private institutions is especially low in Poland. (8.6 Ratio, rank 21/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (9.8 Ratio, rank 34/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the number of students per teacher in public bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (9.8 Ratio, rank 31/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    Classes are particularly small in lower secondary schools. (18 Students, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes in private primary institutions are comparatively small in Poland. (13 Students, rank 37/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary public institutions are comparatively small in Poland. (18 Students, rank 35/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary private institutions are comparatively small in Poland. (13 Students, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In government-dependent private institutions at primary education level, the average class size is relatively small in Poland among OECD and other partner countries with available data. (12 Students, rank 22/22 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In independent private institutions at primary education level, the average class size is relatively small in Poland among OECD and other partner countries with available data. (13 Students, rank 21/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In government-dependent private institutions at lower secondary level, the average class size is relatively small in Poland among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12 Students, rank 22/22 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In independent private institutions at lower secondary level, the average class size is relatively small in Poland among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13 Students, rank 20/22 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, classes in lower secondary education are comparatively small. (18 Students, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (91.9 %, rank 3/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high in Poland. (92.6 %, rank 1/41 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (80.6 %, rank 4/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (54.3 %, rank 36/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low in Poland. (43.7 %, rank 36/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (63.7 %, rank 30/32 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (2.1 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.4 %, rank 37/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.2 %, rank 32/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Poland. (2.5 %, rank 34/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Poland. (2 %, rank 31/34 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.2 %, rank 38/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.5 %, rank 36/39 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low in Poland. (1.8 %, rank 36/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low in Poland. (2.3 %, rank 34/38 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low in Poland. (2 %, rank 33/37 , 2025) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (3 %, rank 28/31 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Poland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (5.8 %, rank 33/35 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (8.7 %, rank 32/36 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (4.5 %, rank 37/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively low. (2.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively low. (3.6 %, rank 39/40 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Earnings of 25-64 year-old full- and part-time workers with a master's, doctoral or equivalent education degree are comparatively low. (154.4 %, rank 21/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Earnings and skill level

    In Poland, the share of high earners aged 25-64 with low numeracy, literacy and adaptive problem-solving skills in the Adult Skills Survey was among the greatest across countries with available data. (32.8 %, rank 1/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    In Poland, the proportion of young women's earnings as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with tertiary education working full-time full-year), is relatively low compared to OECD and other members with available data (80.1 %, rank 26/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of youth who have been unemployed for less than 3 months and not in formal education or training among 18-24 year-olds in Poland is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0.7 %, rank 27/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Poland is relatively low. (4.3 %, rank 31/33 , 2025) Download Indicator

    Social outcomes

    In Poland, the share of employed women aged 25-64 with tertiary education reporting high or very high flexibility in their main job was among the lowest across countries with available data. (19.8 %, rank 29/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of employed adults aged 25-64 with below upper secondary attainment who reported working overtime in their main job was among the lowest in Poland compared with other countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 26/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of adults aged 25-64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment who kept worrying about work when not working some or most of the time was among the smallest across countries with available data. (19.7 %, rank 25/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Poland, the share of adults aged 25-64 with tertiary attainment who kept worrying about work when not working some or most of the time was among the smallest across countries with available data. (34.5 %, rank 23/26 , 2024) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Educational attainment remains at an all-time high in 2025 as more people obtain advanced qualifications. Across the OECD, 43% of working-age adults have a tertiary qualification, while the share of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment is slightly lower at 39%.
    • On a similar note, the share of young adults without upper secondary attainment continues to decline across the OECD, standing at 12% in 2025. Therefore, while more young adults obtain a tertiary qualification, the share of individuals whose highest qualification is upper secondary with a vocational orientation is decreasing in almost all OECD countries. 
    • Regarding the share of young people being neither in employment nor in education or training, it stood at 14% as of 2025 across OECD countries. However, cross-country comparisons reveal a wide variety of trends, ranging from large falls in Croatia or Ireland to increases in Germany or Latvia.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 86% across the OECD in 2024. Participation in early childhood education increases with age and tends to be higher in countries with stronger institutional support for participation.
    • 76.2% of students complete upper secondary programmes within the theoretical programme duration. This rises to 84.9% with two additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • In 2023, OECD countries allocated an average of 9.8% of total government expenditure to education, equivalent to 4.2% of GDP.
    • Total expenditure on education tends to rise with the level of education. In primary education, expenditure per student was USD 13 552 in 2023 on average across the OECD. This amount rises to USD 14 923 in secondary education and to USD 22 402 in tertiary education.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education. However, as a whole most investment in education comes from public sources. On average, across the OECD, government expenditure on primary to tertiary education corresponded to 4% of GDP in 2023, while private expenditure corresponded to 0.6%. Both of these figures are measured as initial source of funds, which implies that we are tracking the original provider.
    • Research and development represents around one-third of total expenditure across the OECD on tertiary educational institutions, underlining their dual role in both teaching and research. On average across the OECD, in 2023, USD 8 060 were invested annually into research and development for every student enrolled in tertiary education.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Compulsory teaching time averages 770 hours per year for primary students and 710 hours for lower secondary students (general programmes), a difference of about 60 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in primary education has slightly fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2015 to 14 in 2024.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, across OECD countries and economies, the salaries of teachers with the most prevalent qualifications with 15 years of experience range from USD 60 437 at pre-primary level to USD 68 928 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries at primary and general secondary levels of education are 87-95% of the average earnings of tertiary-educated workers across OECD countries. School heads' actual salaries are usually higher than those of tertiary-educated workers.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Learning environment | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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    • On average across OECD countries, 9.1% of teachers in primary and secondary education are non-fully qualified, with shares exceeding 18% in Chile, Denmark, Estonia and Germany.
    • Furthermore, the share of fully qualified teachers leaving the profession in primary and secondary schools stands at 6.4% of the total teaching workforce.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in primary education has slightly fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2015 to 14 in 2024.
    • Regarding job satisfaction among teachers, participating countries show wide differences. Japan, Spain and Czechia reported that teachers tend to be much more satisfied with their jobs than other employed adults. On the other hand, teachers in Hungary, Chile or Latvia tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than other employed adults.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teacher working conditions | Education policies: Teacher employment | 
    
                            
    
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				Key
            
    
            Diagram of funding flows - Poland
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Poland
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			
            Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. 
			However, OECD averages from Education at a Glance coming from the OECD database are the averages for the indicator reference year appearing in the Education GPS and may differ from averages in the book where averages can include data from multiple reference years, based on countries' data availability.
			

    
			To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026 in the Northern Hemisphere.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Sources Methodologies and Technical Notes 
		of EAG 2025 for more details about the data collections.
		

    
        For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.