France
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France
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2023)
  • In France, adults aged 16-65 scored, on average, 255 points in literacy (below the OECD average), 257 points in numeracy (below the OECD average), and 248 points in adaptive problem solving (below the OECD average).
  • In literacy, 28% of adults (OECD average: 26%) scored at Level 1 or below, meaning they have low literacy proficiency. At Level 1, they can understand short texts and organised lists when information is clearly indicated, find specific information and identify relevant links. Those below Level 1 can at most understand short, simple sentences. At the other end of the spectrum, 9% of adults (OECD average: 12%) scored at Levels 4 or 5 in literacy and are high performers. These adults can comprehend and evaluate long, dense texts across several pages, grasp complex or hidden meanings, and use prior knowledge to understand texts and complete tasks.
  • In numeracy, 28% of adults (OECD average: 25%) scored at or below Level 1 proficiency. At Level 1, they can do basic maths with whole numbers or money, understand decimals, and find single pieces of information in tables or charts, but may struggle with tasks needing multiple steps (e.g. solving a proportion). Those below Level 1 can add and subtract small numbers. Adults at Levels 4 or 5 are top performers (12% in France, 14% on average across OECD countries and economies) . They can calculate and understand rates and ratios, interpret complex graphs, and critically evaluate statistical claims.
  • In adaptive problem solving, 30% of adults (OECD average: 29%) scored at or below Level 1 proficiency. Adults at Level 1 can solve simple problems with few variables and little irrelevant information, which do not change as they make progress towards the solution. They struggle with multi-step problems, or those needing monitoring of multiple variables. Adults below Level 1 at most understand very simple problems, typically solved in one step. Some 4% of adults (OECD average: 5%) scored at Level 4. They have a deeper understanding of problems, and can adapt to unexpected changes, even if they require a major re-evaluation of the problem.
    • | Country note | Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) | Survey of Adult Skills 2023: Do Adults Have the Skills They Need to Thrive in a Changing World? | The Survey of Adult Skills - Reader's Companion | Understanding Skill Gaps in Firms: Results of the PIAAC Employer Module | Survey of Adult Skills 2023 Data Analysis Manual |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Participation in education

    The percentage of below-two year-olds in early childhood education in France is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 32/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in France is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 24/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in short-cycle tertiary programmes in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.4 %, rank 3/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in primary education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 7/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in ECEC in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (99.4 %, rank 5/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (62.8 %, rank 7/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 7/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 8/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 7/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 6/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (4 %, rank 4/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of STEM is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3 %, rank 10/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 6/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 5/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 2/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    In France, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (43.3 %, rank 38/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In France, the share of new entrants in arts and humanities bachelor's programmes is especially high, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.4 %, rank 4/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of new entrants in health and welfare master's programmes is relatively lowest, compared to other countries with available data. (10.2 %, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    (1 %, rank 8/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    In France, the share of students enrolled in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary among all international or foreign tertiary students is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.8 %, rank 29/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Skills differences between age groups

    The mean score in adaptive problem solving for 55-65 year-olds is low compared to other participating countries. (221 PIAAC Score, rank 24/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The mean literacy score for older adults (55-65 year-olds) is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (224 PIAAC Score, rank 23/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The mean numeracy score for older adults (55-65 year-olds) is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (228 PIAAC Score, rank 26/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Skills differences by gender

    The mean numeracy score among women is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (251 PIAAC Score, rank 22/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Skills differences by level of education

    The mean score in adaptive problem solving for adults with below upper secondary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (197 PIAAC Score, rank 25/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The mean literacy score for adults without upper secondary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (192 PIAAC Score, rank 24/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The mean numeracy score for adults without upper secondary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (189 PIAAC Score, rank 28/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Skills by immigrant and language background

    The mean literacy score for foreign-born adults of foreign-born parents is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (204 PIAAC Score, rank 25/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The mean numeracy score for foreign-born adults of foreign-born parents is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (204 PIAAC Score, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The mean numeracy score for native-born adults of foreign-born parents is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (247 PIAAC Score, rank 19/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The mean score in adaptive problem solving for foreign-born adults of foreign-born parents is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (203 PIAAC Score, rank 28/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The mean score in adaptive problem solving for native-born adults of foreign-born parents is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (239 PIAAC Score, rank 19/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Adults' skills

    The percentage of adults scoring at or below level 1 in literacy and/or numeracy is high compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (22.6 %, rank 10/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in pre-primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (91.5 %, rank 36/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (56 %, rank 32/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers under 30 in lower secondary education is especially low in France. (64 %, rank 27/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively small . (45.9 %, rank 34/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in lower secondary education is especially low in France. (63.2 %, rank 27/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially low in France. (39.4 %, rank 27/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (51.6 %, rank 7/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (46.7 %, rank 27/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary female teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (49.1 %, rank 16/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (38.2 %, rank 27/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of teachers under 30 in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.8 %, rank 26/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of male teachers in pre-primary education is especially high in France. (8.5 %, rank 5/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially high in France. (8.8 %, rank 9/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of post secondary non-tertiary education teachers under 30 is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (10.3 %, rank 3/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in France, compared to other countries with available data. (45.4 %, rank 16/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    France had some of the highest actual salaries for junior academic staff in bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent programmes, in public institutions. (76970 USD Equivalent, rank 4/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.7 Ratio, rank 2/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (18.1 Ratio, rank 7/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially high. (14.7 Ratio, rank 9/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially low in France. (7.9 Ratio, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the number of students per teacher in public lower secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.3 Ratio, rank 9/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in private institutions is especially high in France. (16.9 Ratio, rank 4/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.5 Ratio, rank 6/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, the number of students per teacher in public institutions short-cycle tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (9.3 Ratio, rank 15/20 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In France, the intended instruction time for lower secondary students (in hours per year) is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1189 Hours, rank 3/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The total compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students in France is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3890 Hours, rank 7/42 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, total intended instruction time for lower secondary students is among the longest compared to other countries with available data. (4754 Hours, rank 4/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In France, total intended instruction time for primary and lower secondary students (in hours per year) is among the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9074 Hours, rank 6/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes are particularly large in primary schools. (22 Students, rank 7/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in in private primary institutions are comparatively large in France. (25 Students, rank 5/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary public institutions are comparatively large in France. (25 Students, rank 10/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary private institutions are comparatively large in France. (27 Students, rank 3/34 , 2023) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
      In the 2023 Survey of Adult Skills, literacy is defined as "accessing, understanding, evaluating, and reflecting on written texts in order to achieve one's goals, to develop one's knowledge and potential, and to participate in society" (Rouet et al., 2021). Proficiency in literacy is crucial for adults across their personal, social and professional spheres, given the prevalence of written communication in various aspects of life. Throughout the day, adults engage in a diverse range of reading activities, spanning from delving into extensive pieces of continuous text to swiftly scanning pages for pertinent information. Examples include reading emails, leaflets, timetables and instruction manuals.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Adult competencies | 
    
                            
    
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      In the 2023 Survey of Adult Skills, numeracy encompasses "accessing, using, and reasoning critically with mathematical content, information and ideas represented in multiple ways in order to engage in and manage the mathematical demands of a range of situations in adult life" (Tout et al., 2021). The skills and knowledge needed for work and civic participation, and in more personal spheres of life, have changed. Individuals are presented with ever-increasing amounts of information of a quantitative or mathematical nature through online or technology-based resources, which have to be located, selected or filtered, interpreted, and at times questioned and doubted, and analysed for their relevance to the responses needed.
    
                            
    
                            
    
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      The first cycle of the Survey of Adult Skills measured problem solving in technology-rich environments. This is defined as the ability to use digital technology, communication tools and networks to acquire and evaluate information, communicate with others and perform practical tasks. The survey assessed adults' ability to solve problems by establishing appropriate goals and plans, and accessing and using information through computers and computer networks.


      
In the 2023 Survey of Adult Skills, problem solving in technology-rich environments was replaced by adaptive problem solving (APS). This involves "the capacity to achieve one’s goals in a dynamic situation in which a method for solution is not immediately available. It requires engaging in cognitive and metacognitive processes to define the problem, search for information, and apply a solution in a variety of information environments and contexts" (Greiff et al., 2021).


      
APS has three important features. First, it emphasises individuals’ capacity to flexibly and dynamically adapt their problem-solving strategies to a dynamically changing environment. Second, it tests their ability to identify and select among a range of available physical, social and digital resources. Third, individuals need to monitor and reflect on their progress in solving problems, through metacognitive processes.
    
                            
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - France
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
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            Country Reviews for France
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.