Italy
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Italy
Overview of the education system (EAG 2025)
  • The share of 25–34 year-olds without upper secondary attainment declined from 24% in 2019 to 19% in 2024, continuing a downward trend consistent with OECD averages, where the rate reached 13%.
  • Master’s attainment is nearly identical to the OECD average, with 17% of young adults aged 25–34 holding a master’s or equivalent degree in 2024, up just 1 point since 2019.
  • Only 20% of bachelor’s entrants take at least one gap year before starting tertiary education, well below the OECD average of 44%, suggesting earlier transitions into higher education.
  • In Italy, 61% of women complete bachelor’s studies within three years of the expected end, compared to 51% of men. This 10-point gap is smaller than the OECD average of 12 points.
  • Government spending at pre-primary level decreased by 8.6% between 2015 and 2022, largely due to a 19.4% fall in enrolments. As a result, per-child expenditure rose by 35.2%, above the OECD average increase of 24%.
  • Only 0.7% of lower secondary students are two or more years older than expected for their grade, placing Italy at the lower end of OECD distributions for over-age enrolment in 2023.
    • | Education at a Glance 2025 | Country note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2025 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministries of Education, Universities and Research, in Italian) | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Italy |

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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.3 %, rank 8/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.1 %, rank 9/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33.3 %, rank 8/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.3 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31.6 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.6 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Italy has one of the lowest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.1 %, rank 30/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of 25-64 year-olds who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (6.4 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 26/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (46.3 %, rank 8/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (34.9 %, rank 10/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.3 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 30/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (13.5 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.7 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25.9 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 35-44 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.3 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.1 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (38.5 %, rank 35/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 35-44 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33.6 %, rank 35/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 45-54 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.5 %, rank 35/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.1 %, rank 37/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Italy has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old men whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.1 %, rank 30/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Italy has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old women whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.2 %, rank 29/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of 25-64 year-old men who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (5.1 %, rank 36/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (7.7 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old men who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 26/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.6 %, rank 8/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.8 %, rank 8/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (36 %, rank 8/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30.6 %, rank 9/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (0.2 %, rank 25/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (0.4 %, rank 22/25 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Italy is one of the highest among countries with available data. (60.5 %, rank 1/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Italy is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (39.5 %, rank 37/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (5 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business and administration is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (12.1 %, rank 13/16 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (2 %, rank 28/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The share of women among tertiary education new entrants is one of the largest compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.8 %, rank 7/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants integrating short-cycle tertiary programmes in Italy is comparatively small. (26 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the average age of new entrants in doctoral programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.5 Years, rank 36/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the average age of new entrants in master's long first degree (LFD) programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.5 Years, rank 21/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of new entrants in tertiary education in Italy is comparatively young. (20.4 Years, rank 28/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the average age of new entrants in master's programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.5 Years, rank 33/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of first-time entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3.8 %, rank 23/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    The share of female new entrants to bachelor’s programmes in business, administration and law was among the smallest in Italy compared to other countries. (45.9 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants in services bachelor’s programmes were among the smallest across countries with available data. (32.3 %, rank 35/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants in master’s programmes in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary was among the smallest in Italy compared to other countries. (47.7 %, rank 36/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female new entrants in tertiary education in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary placed Italy among the smallest internationally. (46.1 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Female new entrants in tertiary services programmes were among the smallest across countries. (34.6 %, rank 35/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (92.7 %, rank 1/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (58.8 %, rank 7/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.5 %, rank 29/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (68.1 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in health and welfare in Italy is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (63 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering short cycle tertiary programmes in information and communication technologies in Italy is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (10.3 %, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering short cycle tertiaryprogrammes in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Italy is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (21.8 %, rank 22/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (40.2 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.7 %, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (61.5 %, rank 35/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in education in Italy is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (7.4 %, rank 38/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of arts and humanities is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (37.8 %, rank 29/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (27 %, rank 30/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (34.7 %, rank 20/23 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of services is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (37.6 %, rank 23/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The enrolment rate of children under age 3 in pre-primary education (ISCED 02) placed Italy among the highest across countries. (4.8 %, rank 4/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of female students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (36.3 %, rank 40/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Enrolment of students aged 15–19 in lower secondary programmes placed Italy among the lowest internationally. (0.7 %, rank 43/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of tertiary students enrolled in public institutions is relatively small. (0 %, rank 24/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 6–14-year-olds in upper secondary programmes in Italy was among the highest internationally. (12.1 %, rank 1/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students in upper secondary general programmes placed Italy among the largest across countries. (60.9 %, rank 3/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Italy is among the lowest. (25.9 %, rank 25/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary vocational programmes are proportionally more in Italy than in the other countries. (100 %, rank 1/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of below-two year-olds in early childhood education in Italy is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 32/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary programmes in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (75.6 %, rank 3/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary vocational programmes in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (38.4 %, rank 7/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Italy is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 27/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in primary education in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 7/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in ECEC in Italy is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.7 %, rank 33/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in primary education in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.5 %, rank 8/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (38.4 %, rank 24/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from general programmes at the upper secondary level in Italy is comparatively high. (19.2 Years, rank 9/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time graduates in vocational programmes at upper secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.2 %, rank 9/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the average age of post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (25.7 Years, rank 21/24 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of first-time short-cycle graduates is relatively low in Italy. (0 %, rank 28/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average age of master's or equivalent graduates in Italy is among the oldest. (28.2 Years, rank 7/22 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (39.1 %, rank 33/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of female graduates among post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes in Italy is relatively low. (39 %, rank 24/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female first-time bachelor's graduates is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (56.7 %, rank 27/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.4 %, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8 %, rank 5/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.6 %, rank 42/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of education in Italy is relatively small. (1.1 %, rank 42/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Italy is relatively large. (29 %, rank 4/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.6 %, rank 9/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively low. (0 %, rank 23/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 7/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5 %, rank 2/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1 %, rank 8/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of STEM is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (5 %, rank 4/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 1/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (9.7 %, rank 35/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in the humanities and arts is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (20.1 %, rank 3/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in social sciences, business and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (17.4 %, rank 38/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.7 %, rank 2/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of education is relatively low in Italy. (1.4 %, rank 44/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of arts and humanities is relatively large. (11.3 %, rank 4/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively large. (12.7 %, rank 3/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is relatively low in Italy. (33.8 %, rank 35/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively high in Italy. (10.1 %, rank 8/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (48.1 %, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (75.4 %, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the field of education is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (90.6 %, rank 3/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of arts and humanities is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (70.9 %, rank 7/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (65.5 %, rank 34/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (51.1 %, rank 35/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (39.3 %, rank 7/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of information and communication technologies is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (18.1 %, rank 33/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (66.5 %, rank 42/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of services is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (38.8 %, rank 36/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Completion rates

    Completion rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes by the theoretical duration ranked Italy among the countries with the lowest levels. (37.2 %, rank 24/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes, measured by the end of the theoretical duration plus one year, were among the lowest across participating countries. (56.3 %, rank 25/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    By the end of the theoretical duration plus one year, completion rates of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes placed Italy among the lowest across countries with available data. (51.4 %, rank 25/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Female completion rates to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical duration, were among the lowest across countries with available data. (60.8 %, rank 27/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Male completion rates to bachelor's programmes three years after the theoretical duration placed Italy among the lowest values internationally. (50.8 %, rank 27/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The completion rate of all new entrants to bachelor's programmes, measured three years beyond the theoretical end of the programme, ranked Italy among the lowest across countries. (56.2 %, rank 27/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Dropout rates

    Female drop out rates by the end of the theoretical duration plus three years placed Italy among the highest across countries. (23.9 %, rank 10/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Gap year

    The share of female students who entered a bachelor's programme and took at least one gap year was among the lowest across countries with available data. (18.7 %, rank 18/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male students who entered a bachelor's programme and took at least one gap year placed Italy among the lowest internationally. (20.6 %, rank 19/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    For all students who entered a bachelor's programme, the share who took at least one gap year ranked Italy among the lowest across countries with available data. (19.6 %, rank 19/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of education is relatively low. (4.3 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of business, administration and law is relatively low. (15.5 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is relatively low. (2.7 %, rank 36/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is relatively low. (8.5 %, rank 33/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, new entrants to doctoral programmes in STEM were among the largest across countries. (55.5 %, rank 3/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in field of health and welfare is relatively small. (0 %, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of education is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (1.4 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (26.8 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (2.4 %, rank 29/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively high. (26.3 %, rank 6/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (7.1 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of new entrants in business, administration and law bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.1 %, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of new entrants in business, administration and law master's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.5 %, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of new entrants in Information and communication technologies bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.9 %, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of new entrants in Information and communication tecnologies master's programmes is one of the lowest, compared to other countries with available data. (1.7 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of new entrants in health and welfare bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (6.8 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Italy has a small share of international students graduate from tertiary programmes compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (2.2 %, rank 28/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of international students entering short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 29/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, international or foreign students from Latin America and the Caribbean are most represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 8/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, international or foreign students from Africa are highest represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.2 %, rank 8/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of international graduates among bachelor's first-time graduates is relatively low. (2.2 %, rank 28/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of international graduates among first-time master's graduates is relatively low. (0.4 %, rank 31/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively low. (9.7 %, rank 26/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The proportion of international students among the new entrants in master's programmes in Italy is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (11.1 %, rank 28/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.7 %, rank 36/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 33/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0 %, rank 30/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0 %, rank 30/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of education among all international or foreign tertiary students in Italy is relatively low. (1 %, rank 34/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of arts and humanities among all international or foreign tertiary students in Italy is relatively high. (18.5 %, rank 4/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of social sciences, journalism and information among all international or foreign tertiary students in Italy is relatively high. (15.7 %, rank 2/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of business, administration and law among all international or foreign tertiary students in Italy is relatively low. (14 %, rank 32/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all international or foreign tertiary students in Italy is relatively high. (24 %, rank 5/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.8 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per primary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14959 USD Equivalent, rank 9/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10330 USD Equivalent, rank 28/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on tertiary education in Italy is comparatively low. (9724 USD Equivalent, rank 21/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Italy, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (1 %, rank 35/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 4/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively low in Italy. (3.4 %, rank 23/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Italy is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.7 %, rank 22/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of public expenditure on tertiary educational institutions is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.6 %, rank 39/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (6.7 %, rank 39/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, total public expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (2 %, rank 35/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, total public expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (3.1 %, rank 36/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure, for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Italy compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.1 %, rank 38/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Italy, the share of capital expenditure on primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.4 %, rank 34/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of capital expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.8 %, rank 33/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of current expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (96.2 %, rank 3/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of capital expenditure on primary through tertiary is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.2 %, rank 32/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of current expenditure on primary through tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (94.8 %, rank 4/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of capital expenditure on secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.1 %, rank 29/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The percentage of secondary teachers older than 50 is especially high. (51.8 %, rank 6/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (94.4 %, rank 3/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in lower secondary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (76.2 %, rank 9/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (39.4 %, rank 36/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (76.6 %, rank 9/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (4.8 %, rank 37/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (4.2 %, rank 33/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (4.9 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (38 %, rank 38/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (40.9 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (41.4 %, rank 36/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially high. (53.7 %, rank 4/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in lower secondary education is especially high in Italy. (78.8 %, rank 8/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially low in Italy. (36.4 %, rank 29/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (43.6 %, rank 33/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (43.6 %, rank 34/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (55.4 %, rank 1/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (1 %, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (1 %, rank 33/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers aged 50 or more in pre-primary education is especially high in Italy (53.6 %, rank 2/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of teachers under 30 in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.3 %, rank 33/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (42.1 %, rank 32/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the percentage of teachers aged 50 or more is particularly high in Italy. (55.2 %, rank 4/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers under 30 in Italy is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5 %, rank 27/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of upper secondary general education teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to the other countries with available data. (39.8 %, rank 30/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of upper secondary vocational education teachers aged 50 or more is relatively high, compared to the other countries with available data. (51.8 %, rank 4/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in upper secondary vocational education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (42.3 %, rank 27/31 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    In Italy, the change in statutory primary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (91 Index, rank 31/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the change in statutory lower secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (90 Index, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the change in statutory upper secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (90 Index, rank 32/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49507 USD Equivalent, rank 24/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual lower secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52642 USD Equivalent, rank 24/32 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary female teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year women workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.82 Ratio, rank 24/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary male teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year men workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.62 Ratio, rank 23/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 35-44 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Italy. (0.68 Ratio, rank 23/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 45-54 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Italy. (0.65 Ratio, rank 25/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Italy. (0.66 Ratio, rank 24/27 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 45-54 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Italy. (52875 USD Equivalent, rank 22/27 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Italy. (57987 USD Equivalent, rank 22/27 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The change in statutory pre-primary teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in their careers is comparatively small in Italy. (91 Index, rank 31/33 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the actual salaries of intermediate academic staff in public tertiary programmes were among the highest. (89245 USD Equivalent, rank 5/16 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, actual salaries of senior academic staff in bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent programmes were among the highest across countries. (131120 USD Equivalent, rank 5/17 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    It takes lower secondary teachers longer to progress through the salary scale in Italy compared to other OECD and partner countries. (35 Years, rank 9/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old primary school heads is one of the highest in Italy. (147424 USD Equivalent, rank 1/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old lower secondary education school heads is one of the highest in Italy. (147424 USD Equivalent, rank 1/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average upper-secondary school heads' actual salary is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (147424 USD Equivalent, rank 2/28 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the highest in Italy. (147232 USD Equivalent, rank 2/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.6 Ratio, rank 8/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (10.7 Ratio, rank 38/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the number of students per teacher in general upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10 Ratio, rank 30/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the number of students per teacher in private upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.9 Ratio, rank 35/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level in independent private institutions is especially low in Italy. (7.9 Ratio, rank 21/26 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.7 Ratio, rank 33/36 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the secondary level in independent private institutions is especially low in Italy. (8.7 Ratio, rank 21/25 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (19 Ratio, rank 7/39 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the number of students per teacher in private institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (22.2 Ratio, rank 10/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the number of students per teacher in public bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the highest among countries with available data. (19 Ratio, rank 6/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the number of students per teacher in private bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the highest among countries with available data. (22.2 Ratio, rank 8/29 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In Italy, the intended instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (917 Hours, rank 10/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Classes are particularly small in primary schools. (18 Students, rank 26/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in public primary institutions are comparatively small in Italy. (18 Students, rank 30/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (75.2 %, rank 26/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (78.7 %, rank 35/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (86.9 %, rank 29/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (67.3 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in Italy. (74.5 %, rank 38/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Italy. (69.2 %, rank 34/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively high in Italy. (85.1 %, rank 4/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (74.5 %, rank 33/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (56.1 %, rank 35/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (77.3 %, rank 23/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (80 %, rank 30/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (70.5 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (73.6 %, rank 24/26 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (76.1 %, rank 25/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Italy. (68.8 %, rank 34/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Italy. (83.2 %, rank 19/21 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Italy. (78.7 %, rank 33/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (37 %, rank 33/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low. (81.7 %, rank 31/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Italy. (75.2 %, rank 39/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Italy. (36.1 %, rank 29/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in Italy. (74.1 %, rank 34/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Italy. (58.2 %, rank 33/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Italy. (29.9 %, rank 33/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (63.5 %, rank 31/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (81.5 %, rank 33/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (60.7 %, rank 32/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (65 %, rank 30/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Italy compared to other countries with available data. (49.7 %, rank 32/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Italy. (65.8 %, rank 34/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (84.4 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of arts is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (75.2 %, rank 15/16 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (83 %, rank 22/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of arts and humanities, social sciences, journalism and information is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (80.6 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business and administration is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (85.5 %, rank 13/16 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of law is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (85.9 %, rank 12/15 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (85.9 %, rank 23/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (82.9 %, rank 21/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of information and communication technologies is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (86 %, rank 25/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (88.5 %, rank 19/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (6.5 %, rank 9/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.1 %, rank 31/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.4 %, rank 12/14 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64, with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Italy, compared to other OECD countries. (17.6 %, rank 20/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 3 months to less than 12 months is one of the smallest in Italy, compared to other OECD countries. (20.8 %, rank 24/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the largest in Italy, compared to other OECD countries. (61.6 %, rank 3/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Italy, compared to other OECD countries. (21.1 %, rank 24/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 3 months to less than 12 months is one of the smallest in Italy, compared to other OECD countries. (25.8 %, rank 26/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Italy, compared to other OECD countries. (27.5 %, rank 23/29 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the largest in Italy, compared to OECD countries. (41.2 %, rank 6/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (8.3 %, rank 8/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (10.8 %, rank 9/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Italy. (7 %, rank 9/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Italy. (3.4 %, rank 8/10 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Italy. (6.2 %, rank 6/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a short cycle tertiary education degree is relatively high in Italy. (8.1 %, rank 7/21 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively high in Italy. (6.4 %, rank 8/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Italy. (20.1 %, rank 10/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively high in Italy. (6.6 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Italy. (0.5 %, rank 34/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (6.8 %, rank 8/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (11 %, rank 5/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.1 %, rank 10/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.6 %, rank 10/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Italy. (11.2 %, rank 9/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Italy. (10.3 %, rank 8/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is high in Italy. (20.3 %, rank 1/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (18.8 %, rank 4/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (37.1 %, rank 1/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (26 %, rank 2/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (17.6 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (13.9 %, rank 2/9 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (16.1 %, rank 2/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (10.6 %, rank 4/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (15.9 %, rank 6/23 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (20.1 %, rank 6/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (12.5 %, rank 9/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (28 %, rank 2/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (19.7 %, rank 10/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women without an upper secondary education is relatively high. (54.8 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate 25-64 year-old women without an upper secondary education is relatively high compared to other countries with available data. (58.3 %, rank 5/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (44 %, rank 2/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (34.7 %, rank 6/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (26.7 %, rank 3/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (28.6 %, rank 6/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (30.4 %, rank 4/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (12.5 %, rank 2/33 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (34.5 %, rank 4/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (31.9 %, rank 8/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (15.4 %, rank 4/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively high. (20.7 %, rank 3/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively high. (15.2 %, rank 10/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively high. (19.7 %, rank 2/39 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively high. (8.7 %, rank 7/40 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of youth who have been unemployed for at least one year and not in formal education or training among 18-24 year-olds in Italy is one of the highest among countries with available data. (3.2 %, rank 3/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high (66.2 %, rank 9/32 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high (19.4 %, rank 4/24 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Italy is relatively high (23.4 %, rank 5/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high (29.6 %, rank 9/28 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high (17.9 %, rank 3/27 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Italy is relatively high. (22.5 %, rank 4/30 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (18.2 %, rank 6/35 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary in Italy is relatively high. (22.7 %, rank 7/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (16.1 %, rank 3/31 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Italy is relatively high. (14 %, rank 8/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (12.4 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (5.4 %, rank 10/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (6.5 %, rank 10/34 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (8.4 %, rank 7/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (6.9 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are inactive NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (9.4 %, rank 9/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (8 %, rank 10/36 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of inactive NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (10.3 %, rank 10/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Italy is relatively high. (6.2 %, rank 10/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in Italy is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.4 %, rank 7/38 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 20-24 year-old men in Italy, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (18.8 %, rank 8/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    Among 25-29 year-old men in Italy, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (19.6 %, rank 4/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of women neither employed nor in education or training among 20-24 year-olds is relatively high . (20 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old men neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (17.4 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 18-24 year-old women neither employed nor in education or training is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (17.5 %, rank 10/37 , 2024) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment among young adults has reached 48% on average across the OECD, the highest level ever, but progress has slowed since 2021. Attainment remains unequal, with women generally outpacing men, and older generations showing lower rates.
    • Employment outcomes for tertiary-educated adults remain strong overall: 87% of them are employed compared to 60% of those without upper seconday. Tertiary education offers good protection against unemployment, but women and disadvantaged groups still face labour market gaps, and inactivity persists among some adults. Moreover, adults with tertiary education earn on average 54% more than those with only upper secondary education.
    • Gender pay gaps remain significant. Despite higher attainment, women with tertiary education consistently earn less than men, even when working full-time, and this gap persists across age groups (73% on average for women aged 25 to 64).
    • Fields of study strongly influence labour market outcomes. Graduates in engineering and in health and welfare fare particularly well, while women’s participation in STEM remains below parity (14% of graduates at tertiary level) despite being 58% of all tertiary graduates.
    • Internationalisation continues to expand in tertiary education. The share of international students has grown steadily, and OECD countries host a large proportion of the world’s mobile students, reinforcing their global role in higher education.
    • Sustaining tertiary education requires adequate investment. Spending per student is already at 21 021 USD and rising, and tertiary expenditure represents a notable share of GDP (1.4% on average in OECD), making efficiency and equity crucial for long-term sustainability.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Access and Participation  | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Although many countries have near universal upper secondary attainment among 25–34 year-olds, on average across the OECD 13% of younger adults still lack an upper secondary qualification.
    • NEET shares are now below pre-pandemic levels in about half of OECD and partner countries with trend data; in 8 of these 16 countries the decline exceeds 1 percentage point, while 17 countries exceed pre-pandemic benchmarks and 6 saw increases of more than 2 percentage points.
    • Employment rates rise steadily with higher tertiary attainment: short-cycle 83%, bachelor’s 86%, master’s 90%, and doctoral or equivalent 93% among 25–64 year-olds.
    • Earnings premiums also increase with qualification level: on average across the OECD, short-cycle graduates earn 17% more than those with upper secondary; the advantage is 39% for bachelor’s and 83% for master’s/doctoral graduates.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • Most children aged 3 to 5 are enrolled in early childhood education, with an average participation rate of 85% across the OECD. By contrast, only 29% of children under the age of 3 are enrolled.
    • Participation in early childhood education has grown over the past decade, with enrolment for children under age 3 increasing by 9 percentage points to 29%, and enrolment for ages 3 and above rising by 5 points to 85%.
    • The majority of students in vocational upper secondary education follow programmes that grant full access to tertiary education, with 76% of students enrolled in such programmes on average across the OECD.
    • Completion rates for bachelor’s programmes increase after the theoretical duration of programmes: on average, 44% of students graduate on time, compared to 69% three years after.
    • Students from Asia form the largest regional group of internationally mobile students in tertiary education, representing 58% of all foreign or international students across the OECD in 2023.
    • Only 43% of students complete a bachelor’s degree within the expected duration, though this rises to 59% with one additional year and 70% with three additional years on average across the OECD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Governments spend on average USD 12 438 per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, and USD 15 102 per student in tertiary education including R&D.
    • Expenditure per student has risen in absolute terms since 2015, but its share in public budgets has declined, with government spending on education at almost 15% of total government expenditure on average in 2022.
    • Annual spending per student at primary and secondary levels varies widely across OECD countries, from under USD 3 000 in some systems to over USD 25 000 in the most highly funded ones.
    • Tertiary education continues to expand, placing pressure on public budgets. Private sources represent a larger share of total funding at the tertiary level than at any other level of education.
    • Spending per student differs markedly between public and private institutions, with expenditure in public tertiary institutions exceeding USD 33 000 in some countries, compared to less than USD 10 000 in others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
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    • Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 604 hours of compulsory instruction during primary and lower secondary education, with total hours ranging widely across education systems.
    • Compulsory instruction time averages 804 hours per year for primary students and 909 hours for lower secondary students, a difference of about 105 hours annually.
    • The ratio of children to teachers in pre-primary education has fallen across most OECD countries, decreasing from an average of 15 children per teacher in 2013 to 13 in 2023.
    • Teachers’ statutory salaries increase with the level of education taught. On average, teachers with 15 years of experience earn USD 55 725 at pre-primary level and USD 63 925 at upper secondary level.
    • Teachers’ actual salaries are 83–91% of the earnings of similarly educated tertiary-educated workers, while school heads usually earn more than tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • The ratio of students to academic staff is lower in public than in private institutions, averaging about 14 students per staff member in public tertiary institutions compared to 18 in private ones.
    • Nearly half of OECD and partner countries operate non-selective admission systems for first degrees, providing broad access to tertiary education, while entrance exams and centralised systems are also common.
    • The salaries of academic staff in tertiary education vary by seniority. On average, junior staff earn about 62 000 USD, while senior staff earn about 108 000 USD.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Italy
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Italy
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/members-partners.html
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2026 for school year 2025/2026.
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2024 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.