Search for specific education indicators by country, theme or level of education and compare the results using interactive charts and tables.
Base Theme
PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education |
PISA 2022 Results (Volume II): Learning During - and From - Disruption |
PISA 2022 Results (Volume III): Creative Minds, Creative Schools |
PISA 2022 Results (Volume V): Learning Strategies and Attitudes for Life |
PISA 2018 Results (Volume IV): Are Students Smart About Money? |
PISA 2018 Results (Volume VI): Are Students Ready to Thrive in an Interconnected World? |
PISA 2018: Are Students Ready To Take On Environmental Challenges? |
Education at a Glance 2024 (EAG 2024): Highlights |
EAG 2024, Chapter A: The output of educational institutions and the impact of learning |
EAG 2024, Chapter B: Access to education, participation and progression |
EAG 2024, Chapter C: Financial resources invested in education |
EAG 2024, Chapter D: Teachers, learning environment and organisation of schools |
Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) |
TALIS 2018: Highlight indicators |
TALIS 2018 (Volume I): Teachers and School Leaders as Lifelong Learners |
TALIS 2018 (Volume II): Teachers and School Leaders as Valued Professionals |
TALIS 2018 (results for primary and upper secondary) |
TALIS 2018: Starting Strong Survey |
Skills |
Low performers |
Computers, education & skills |
Collaborative Problem Solving |
Access & participation |
Student mobility |
Education attainment |
Education system & governance |
Financing education |
Learning environment |
Students' well-being |
Equity |
Gender |
Digital divide |
Special needs |
Socio-economic status |
Migrant background |
Economic & social outcomes |
Teachers & educators |
Education leadership |
Evaluation & quality assurance |
Future of education and skills |
Research & innovation |
Early childhood education & care |
Vocational education & training (VET) |
Tertiary education |
Impact of COVID-19 in education |
Filters
Level
Not in education |
Early childhood education and care |
Non-educational programmes (early childhood) |
Pre-primary |
Pre-primary and primary |
Early childhood and primary |
Pre-primary to tertiary education |
Primary |
Primary and lower secondary |
Primary and secondary |
Primary to tertiary |
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education |
Lower secondary |
Lower secondary, general |
Lower secondary, vocational |
Below upper secondary |
Lower secondary to post-secondary non-tertiary, general programmes |
Lower secondary to post-secondary non-tertiary, vocational programmes |
Upper secondary |
Upper secondary, general |
Upper secondary general education, sufficient for partial level completion, without direct access to tertiary education |
Upper secondary general education, sufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education |
Upper secondary general education, sufficient for level completion, with direct access to tertiary education |
Upper secondary, vocational |
Upper secondary vocational education, sufficient for partial level completion, without direct access to tertiary education |
Upper secondary vocational education, sufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education |
Upper secondary vocational education, sufficient for level completion, with direct access to tertiary education |
Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary |
Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, general |
Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, vocational |
Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary, orientation not specified |
Upper secondary vocational education, school and work-based programmes |
At least upper secondary |
Secondary |
Secondary, general |
Secondary, vocational |
Post-secondary non-tertiary |
Post-secondary non-tertiary, general |
Post-secondary non-tertiary, vocational |
Post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education, sufficient for level completion, without direct access to tertiary education |
Post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education, sufficient for level completion, with direct access to tertiary education |
Short-cycle tertiary education |
Short-cycle tertiary education, general |
Short-cycle tertiary education, vocational |
Bachelor's or equivalent level |
Bachelor's or equivalent level, academic |
Bachelor's or equivalent level, professional |
Short-cycle tertiary and Bachelor's |
Bachelor's and Master's or equivalent levels |
Total tertiary excluding doctoral level |
Bachelor's to doctorate |
Master's or equivalent level |
Master’s or equivalent academic level, long first degree |
Master's or equivalent level, academic |
Master's or equivalent level, professional |
Master's to doctorate |
Doctoral or equivalent level |
Total tertiary |
Lower secondary to tertiary, general programmes |
Lower secondary to tertiary, vocational programmes |
Total tertiary education, academic programmes |
Total tertiary education, professional programmes |
All levels of education |
All levels of education + not allocated by level |
Not allocated by level of education |
Master's long first degree (LFD) degree |
Age Group
Early childhood |
Basic school ages |
Compulsory school ages |
15 year-olds |
15-19 year-olds |
Youths |
Young adults |
Adults |
All ages and age unknown |
Refine the indicator selection after selecting a base theme.
Financing education
OECD countries spend on average USD 12 647 per student per year on primary through tertiary educational institutions: USD 10 658 per primary student, USD 11 942 per student at secondary level and USD 18 105 per tertiary student. Across OECD countries, expenditure per student averages around USD 10 700 at the primary level, USD 11 900 at secondary and USD 18 100 at tertiary level. This reflects the fact that higher levels of education often require teachers to have more advanced qualifications and specialised knowledge which are usually accompanied by higher salaries. Public funding accounts for 86.5% of all spending on primary to tertiary educational institutions, on average across OECD countries. In 2020, on average across OECD countries, 84% of the funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions came directly from government sources, 15% from private sources and 1% from non-domestic (international) sources.
OECD countries spent an average of 4.4% of GDP on educational institutions from primary to tertiary education in 2020 (including undistributed programmes by level of education). Six countries with available data (Iceland, Finland, Norway,Belgium, Sweden and Denmark) spent 5% or more. Total public spending on primary to tertiary education decreased slightly across OECD countries between 2005 and 2019, falling below 11% of total government expenditure. Over this period, the share of total government expenditure on primary to tertiary education within total government expenditure decreased by 0.7 percentage points on average across OECD countries, and in more than 70% of countries with available data for both 2005 and 2016. Of primary to tertiary levels of education, tertiary institutions obtain the largest proportion of funds - 30% - from private sources. The share of private funding in tertiary education has increased over the past decade. About two thirds of private funding at tertiary level comes from private sources, with household expenditure (through tuition fees) being the biggest source. Higher education levels tend to have higher teachers' salary costs per student. On average across OECD countries, they rise from USD 3 614 per student in primary education to USD 4 424 in lower secondary education. This is mostly due to a combination of higher teachers' salaries and instruction time, and shorter teaching hours.
| Education policies: Finance and Funding | Education policies: School resources | Education at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators | Education at a Glance 2019 | Education at a Glance 2018 | Annexes from Education at a Glance | The Funding of School Education: Connecting Resources and Learning | School Resources Review | Results from the Starting Strong Survey 2018 |
Select first some countries to compare, choose the chart you wish to display and customise them.
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Select OECD Countries
Australia |
Austria |
Belgium |
Belgium (Flanders) |
Belgium (French) |
Belgium (excl. Flemish) |
Canada |
Alberta (Canada) |
Canadian provinces |
Chile |
Colombia |
Costa Rica |
Czechia |
Denmark |
Estonia |
Finland |
France |
Germany |
Greece |
Hungary |
Iceland |
Ireland |
Israel |
Italy |
Japan |
Korea |
Latvia |
Lithuania |
Luxembourg |
Mexico |
Netherlands |
New Zealand |
Norway |
Poland |
Portugal |
Slovak Republic |
Slovenia |
Spain |
Sweden |
Switzerland |
Türkiye |
United Kingdom |
England (UK) |
Northern Ireland (UK) |
United States |
OECD average |
Non-OECD Countries
G20 average |
TALIS average |
TALIS avg. primary education |
TALIS avg. upper secondary education |
Albania |
Algeria |
Argentina |
Buenos Aires (Argentina) |
Baku (Azerbaijan) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Brazil |
Brunei Darussalam |
Bulgaria |
Cambodia |
China |
B-S-J-Z (China) |
Hong Kong (China) |
Macao (China) |
Shanghai (China) |
Chinese Taipei |
Croatia |
Dominican Republic |
Ecuador |
Egypt |
El Salvador |
Georgia |
Guatemala |
India |
Indonesia |
Jamaica |
Jordan |
Kazakhstan |
Kyrgyz Republic |
Kosovo |
Lebanon |
North Macedonia |
Malaysia |
Malta |
Moldova |
Mongolia |
Montenegro |
Morocco |
Palestinian Authority |
Panama |
Paraguay |
Peru |
Philippines |
Qatar |
Romania |
Saudi Arabia |
Serbia |
Singapore |
South Africa |
Tajikistan |
Thailand |
Trinidad and Tobago |
Tunisia |
United Arab Emirates |
Abu Dhabi (UAE) |
Ukraine |
Uruguay |
Uzbekistan |
Viet Nam |
The data table will display up to four selected countries (unselect the OECD average to have one more).
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Country Profile quick links
Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities,
such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
for each publication.
The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS average. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Annex 3 of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory text.
The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS average. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Annex 3 of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory text.