Country
Data profiles:
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2017) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance in 18 out of 27 regions (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Student performance (PISA 2022) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
The United States is the only country among all PIAAC participating countries to have conducted a repeat administration of the survey as part of the 1st Cycle. The result in the Education GPS have as year of reference 2017, you can access 2012/2014 data through the
Profile View
Select first some countries to compare, choose the charts you wish to display and customise them.
Literacy
The percentage of adults scoring high (at Level 2 or 3) in Iiteracy is high compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (12.8 %, rank 10/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
Problem solving in technology-rich environments
The percentage of adults with missing values in the assessment of problem solving in technology-rich environments is high compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (5.4 %, rank 2/34 , 2018) Download Indicator
The percentage of adults who had no computer experience is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (2.8 %, rank 33/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
The percentage of adults scoring below Level 1 in problem solving in technology-rich environments is high compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (19.4 %, rank 7/34 , 2018) Download Indicator
Skills differences between age groups
The mean literacy score for older adults (55-65 year-olds) is high compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (264 PIAAC Score, rank 6/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
The mean numeracy score for young people aged between 25 and 34 is low compared to other countries participating in PIAAC. (261 PIAAC Score, rank 29/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
The percentage of older adults (55-65 year-olds) scoring high (at Level 2 or 3) in problem solving in technology-rich environments is high compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (17.4 %, rank 3/33 , 2018) Download Indicator
Skills differences by level of education
The mean numeracy score for adults without upper secondary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (192 PIAAC Score, rank 31/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
The mean numeracy score for adults with an upper secondary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (237 PIAAC Score, rank 31/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
Skills by parents' educational attainment
The mean literacy score for adults whose parents had not attained upper secondary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (236 PIAAC Score, rank 29/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
The mean numeracy score for adults whose parents had not attained upper secondary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (213 PIAAC Score, rank 33/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
The mean numeracy score with at least one parent with upper secondary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (248 PIAAC Score, rank 32/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
The mean numeracy score with at least one parent with tertiary education is low compared to other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). (277 PIAAC Score, rank 29/37 , 2018) Download Indicator
General findings
- Literacy is defined as the ability to understand, evaluate, use and engage with written texts in order to participate in society, achieve one's goals, and develop one's knowledge and potential. As measured by the Survey of Adult Skills, literacy encompasses a range of skills, from decoding written words and sentences to understanding, interpreting and evaluating complex texts. It does not, however, involve producing text (writing). Given the growing importance of digital devices and applications as a means of generating, accessing and storing written text, reading digital texts (e.g. texts containing hyper-text and navigation features, such as scrolling or clicking on links) is an integral part of literacy.
- The average literacy score for the OECD countries participating in the assessment is 266 points. Japan (296 points) has the highest average level of proficiency in literacy followed by Finland (288 points) and the Netherlands (284 points). Chile (220 points), Mexico (222 points) and Turkey (227 points) recorded the lowest average scores among countries. Ecuador and Peru had an even lower average score (196 points). An adult with average literacy proficiency can successfully complete tasks that require paraphrasing, low-level inferences, and matching between the digital or printed text and information.
- The mean literacy score among 25-34 year-olds is 277 score points, 11 points higher than that for all adults (266 score points). Among the different age groups, 25-34 year-olds have the highest average literacy proficiency, while 55-64 year-olds have the lowest average proficiency (248 score points). While there are some countries/economies where 16-24 year-olds scored higher than 25-34 year-olds, the differences in proficiency between these two age groups are generally small, at less than five score points in Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Mexico and Peru. In most countries/economies, however, 25-34 year-olds have higher average proficiency than 16-24 year-olds, with a difference of about seven points in Israel and New Zealand, and well above 10 points in England (United Kingdom), Finland and the United states. The literacy proficiency of 55-65 year-olds is particularly low in Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru.
- In general, proficiency in literacy peaks at around age 30.
Visualisations
- Numeracy is defined as the ability to access, use, interpret and communicate mathematical information and ideas in order to engage in and manage the mathematical demands of a range of situations in adult life.
- The average score in numeracy among the OECD countries participating in the assessment is 262 points. Japan has the highest average level of proficiency in numeracy (288 points), followed by Finland (282 points). Peru (178 points), Ecuador (185 points), Chile (206 points), and Mexico (210 points) recorded the lowest average scores. An adult with average proficiency in numeracy can successfully complete tasks that require the application of two or more steps or processes involving calculating with whole numbers and common decimals, percentages and fractions; simple measurement and spatial representation; estimation; and interpreting relatively simple data and statistics in texts, tables and graphs.
- The mean numeracy score among 25-34 year-olds is 272 score points, 10 points higher than that for all adults (262 score points). Among the different age groups, 25-34 year-olds have the highest average numeracy proficiency, while 55-64 year-olds have the lowest average proficiency (245 score points).
- In general, proficiency in numeracy peaks at around age 30.
Visualisations
- Problem solving in technology-rich environments is defined as the ability to use digital technology, communication tools and networks to acquire and evaluate information, communicate with others and perform practical tasks. The survey assesses adults' ability to solve problems by establishing appropriate goals and plans, and accessing and using information through computers and computer networks.
- In nearly all countries, at least 10% of adults have trouble using digital technology, communication tools and networks to acquire and evaluate information, communicate with others and perform practical tasks. Across participating countries, 12% of adults reported having no prior computer experience and a further 4.7% of adults lack the most elementary computer skills, such as the ability to use a mouse. Only 5.1% of adults demonstrate the highest level of proficiency (Level 3) in problem solving in technology-rich environments, where tasks require the ability to use a wider range of applications in less familiar contexts, and to solve problems involving complex pathways to solutions that require navigating around impasses.
- Given that the widespread use of ICTs is a relatively recent phenomenon, younger adults were clearly in a position of relative advantage compared to older adults. On average, some 43% of 25-34 year-olds can solve more complex problems using computers (i.e. those tasks at proficiency Level 2 or 3 in the problem-solving assessment), compared to only 10% of older adults. However, proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich environments among younger adults varies widely across countries. In Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Turkey, between 7% and 13% of 25-34 year-old respondents scored at Level 2 or 3, compared to 55% or more in Denmark, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore and Sweden, and to 67% in Finland.
- In general, proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich environments peaks at around age 25.
Visualisations
All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Annex 3 of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.