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Türkiye
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Türkiye
Overview of the education system (EAG 2022)
  • Between 2000 and 2021, the share of 25-34 year-olds with tertiary attainment in Türkiye increased at an even faster pace than on average across OECD countries, by 31 percentage points (from 9% in 2000 to 40% in 2021).
  • In Türkiye, 40% of 25-34 year-olds had a tertiary qualification in 2021 compared to 47% on average across OECD countries.
  • In 2020, 41% of 3-5 year-olds in Türkiye were enrolled in early childhood education programmes education in Türkiye, compared to 83% on average across OECD countries. The share of children enrolled in private institutions at pre-primary level was 17%. In 2019, Türkiye spent USD 5 075 on pre-primary educational institutions, below the OECD average (USD 9 598%), 19% was funded by private sources.
  • In Türkiye, the share of women among general upper secondary graduates is 52% (OECD average 55%). Men make up 53% of all vocational upper secondary graduates, slightly below the OECD average (55%).
  • In 2019, Türkiye spent 5.2% of its GDP or a total of USD 5 743 per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary educational institutions compared to USD 11 990 on average across OECD countries. Education funding reached USD 9 455 per student at the tertiary level, 19% of which corresponds to expenditure for research and development (R&D).
  • Based on official regulations or agreements,annual teaching hours in Türkiye are 930 hours per year at pre-primary level, 744 hours at primary level, 521 hours at lower secondary level (general programmes) and 521 hours at upper secondary level (general programmes).
    • | Education at a Glance 2022 | Country Note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2022 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Türkiye | Milli Egitim Bakanligi (Ministry of National Education, in English) | Milli Egitim Bakanligi Strateji Gelistirme Baskanligi (Ministry of National Education Department of Strategy Development, in Turkish) |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (36.3 %, rank 6/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.9 %, rank 40/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.1 %, rank 6/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.4 %, rank 40/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.5 %, rank 37/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.8 %, rank 41/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the lowest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (1.7 %, rank 37/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 32/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (74 %, rank 3/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.2 %, rank 39/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.3 %, rank 8/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0.2 %, rank 28/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (2.2 %, rank 34/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35.2 %, rank 6/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (37.4 %, rank 6/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.9 %, rank 40/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.7 %, rank 39/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (58.8 %, rank 42/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (30.7 %, rank 4/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (5.2 %, rank 10/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1.2 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (6.5 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The enrolment rate of 6-14 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/43 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among 15-19 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (68.8 %, rank 37/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.5 %, rank 34/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (34.2 %, rank 36/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students in public tertiary educational institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (92.2 %, rank 8/42 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students in independent private tertiary educational institutions is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.8 %, rank 23/31 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 20-24 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (50.2 %, rank 7/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 40-64 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.6 %, rank 6/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 3-5 year-old children in early childhood and primary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (42.2 %, rank 36/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the enrolment rate of children under 3 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.2 %, rank 33/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (99 %, rank 7/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 19 tertiary programmes in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.1 %, rank 7/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 20 in general upper secondary programmes in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.4 %, rank 10/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 20 tertiary programmes in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.1 %, rank 1/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 20 in vocational upper secondary programmes in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.5 %, rank 29/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in Türkiye is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (47.6 %, rank 37/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of students enrolled in private institutions at early childhood educational and development level is comparatively high. (100 %, rank 1/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The share of first-time short-cycle graduates is relatively high in Türkiye. (45.4 %, rank 3/27 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time bachelor's graduates is relatively low in Türkiye. (52.6 %, rank 29/31 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time master's graduates is relatively low in Türkiye. (1.9 %, rank 19/24 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    Among OECD and partner countries with available data, Türkiye has one of the smallest shares of women graduates from tertiary programmes. (52.6 %, rank 32/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively high. (54.6 %, rank 6/42 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively low. (40.1 %, rank 33/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female doctoral graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively high. (35.7 %, rank 9/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.3 %, rank 33/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of arts and humanities is relatively large. (10.1 %, rank 7/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of male tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33.7 %, rank 7/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is relatively low in Türkiye. (21.7 %, rank 38/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (47.7 %, rank 35/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries. (77.1 %, rank 28/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Graduation by age

    The share of tertiary graduates younger than 30-years-old is one of the smallest among countries with available data. (75.2 %, rank 27/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary graduates from vocational programmes in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (18.7 Years, rank 29/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary graduates from general programmes in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (20 Years, rank 5/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (6.3 %, rank 38/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.9 %, rank 38/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.3 %, rank 7/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30 %, rank 8/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2 %, rank 37/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.9 %, rank 39/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of arts and humaties in Türkiye is relatively large. (16.1 %, rank 4/42 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law in Türkiye is relatively large. (16.2 %, rank 3/42 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Türkiye is relatively small. (14 %, rank 36/42 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of information and communication technologies in Türkiye is relatively small. (0.5 %, rank 38/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.4 %, rank 25/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23 %, rank 24/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.8 %, rank 8/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.2 %, rank 29/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of education is relatively low. (4.4 %, rank 32/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively low. (2.7 %, rank 33/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is relatively low. (3.3 %, rank 34/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (61.7 %, rank 35/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of arts and humanities is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.5 %, rank 33/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53 %, rank 35/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (47.5 %, rank 34/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of education among all national tertiary students in Türkiye is relatively low. (3.7 %, rank 33/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all national tertiary students in Türkiye is relatively low. (2.3 %, rank 33/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies among all national tertiary students in Türkiye is relatively low. (1.9 %, rank 34/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all national tertiary students in Türkiye is relatively low. (9.5 %, rank 30/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (56.8 %, rank 31/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics ans statistics is relatively small. (43.1 %, rank 34/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively small. (56.4 %, rank 32/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively small. (58.6 %, rank 35/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of health and welfare is relatively small. (27.9 %, rank 30/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (62.1 %, rank 33/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30.9 %, rank 7/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of health and welfare is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (86 %, rank 5/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30.2 %, rank 2/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35.3 %, rank 10/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Türkiye is one of the largest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (47 %, rank 1/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in education in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (60.4 %, rank 35/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Türkiye is one of the largest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (35.3 %, rank 10/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in health and welfare in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (59.9 %, rank 35/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in information and communication technologies in Türkiye is one of the largest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (30.4 %, rank 10/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Türkiye is one of the largest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (39.3 %, rank 9/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering short cycle tertiaryprogrammes in natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (38.2 %, rank 18/22 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of health and welfare is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14 %, rank 32/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (69.8 %, rank 34/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (64.7 %, rank 27/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (53 %, rank 35/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in education in Türkiye is one of the largest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (39.6 %, rank 2/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (64.7 %, rank 27/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in health and welfare in Türkiye is one of the largest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (40.1 %, rank 2/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in information and communication technologies in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (69.6 %, rank 26/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Türkiye is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (60.7 %, rank 28/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (17.6 %, rank 2/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of business, administration and law is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (13.8 %, rank 3/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (21.9 %, rank 6/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of health and welfare is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (9.5 %, rank 28/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (0.8 %, rank 31/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively low. (12.8 %, rank 27/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Türkiye has a small share of international students graduate from tertiary programmes compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (0.9 %, rank 28/29 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the smallest proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.3 %, rank 37/44 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of young men who are neither employed nor in education or training among 15-19 year-olds is comparatively large. (2.9 %, rank 10/80 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of international students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Türkiye is relatively small. (11.1 %, rank 30/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of national tertiary students enrolled abroad in Türkiye is relatively low. (0.7 %, rank 36/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of international or foreign students per national student abroad is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 Students, rank 9/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international and foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with avaialble data. (6.7 %, rank 34/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international graduates among bachelor's first-time graduates is relatively low. (1.3 %, rank 28/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international graduates among first-time master's graduates is relatively low. (5.3 %, rank 27/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively low. (8.1 %, rank 26/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The proportion of international students among the new entrants in master's programmes in Türkiye is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (8.3 %, rank 27/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in bachelor's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 31/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.9 %, rank 29/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.7 %, rank 26/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of international or foreign students for every hundred national students home or abroad is comparatively low . (2 Students, rank 34/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in bachelor's programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2 %, rank 32/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (8.7 %, rank 34/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (4.6 %, rank 33/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (6.3 %, rank 29/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.9 %, rank 24/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in short-cycle tertiary programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.5 %, rank 25/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.9 %, rank 35/43 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (1.7 %, rank 37/43 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies among all international or foreign tertiary students in Türkiye is relatively low. (1.8 %, rank 32/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all international or foreign tertiary students in Türkiye is relatively high. (23.9 %, rank 3/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of arts and humanities is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with avaialble data. (2.2 %, rank 33/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with avaialble data. (1.2 %, rank 33/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of students enrolled in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics among tertiary students is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (13.7 %, rank 34/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9455 USD Equivalent, rank 34/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5743 USD Equivalent, rank 34/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per primary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4400 USD Equivalent, rank 34/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per secondary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5110 USD Equivalent, rank 34/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7641 USD Equivalent, rank 31/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1814 USD Equivalent, rank 30/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (4678 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (7479 USD Equivalent, rank 26/27 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (5204 USD Equivalent, rank 26/26 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (206 USD Equivalent, rank 22/27 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (162 USD Equivalent, rank 19/25 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary educational services on primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (198 USD Equivalent, rank 22/24 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student on research and development for primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively low. (341 USD Equivalent, rank 31/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively low. (4884 USD Equivalent, rank 34/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    At primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level, the public expenditure on public educational institutions per full-time equivalent student is comparatively low in Türkiye. (3914 USD Equivalent, rank 34/38 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5085 USD Equivalent 2015, rank 34/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure per full-time equivalent student from primary to tertiary education is relatively low in Türkiye. (4572 USD Equivalent, rank 34/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5980 USD Equivalent 2015, rank 33/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure on public educational institutions per full-time equivalent student at tertiary level is comparatively low in Türkiye. (7716 USD Equivalent, rank 29/35 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9845 USD Equivalent 2015, rank 33/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Türkiye, expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (1 %, rank 31/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (1.6 %, rank 10/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (1.4 %, rank 6/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in the number of full-time equivalent student from primary to tertiary education is one of the largest in Türkiye among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.4 %, rank 1/38 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is comparatively large in Türkiye. (1.4 %, rank 4/27 , 2019) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5 %, rank 1/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.6 %, rank 10/31 , 2019) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in the number of full-time equivalent student in tertiary education is one of the largest in Türkiye. (5.9 %, rank 1/40 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on tertiary education is relatively high in Türkiye. (0.5 %, rank 6/28 , 2019) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure on tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.8 %, rank 8/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (-2.9 %, rank 30/31 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Public and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25.1 %, rank 1/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Türkiye has one of the largest shares of private expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (26.8 %, rank 7/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively low. (0.4 %, rank 25/30 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively small. (74.8 %, rank 36/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary to tertiary education is comparatively small. (72.8 %, rank 30/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the relative share of public expenditure from initial sources of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (74.6 %, rank 28/28 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the relative share of private expenditure from initial sources of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25.1 %, rank 1/28 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The relative share of international expenditure on primary to tertiary education from initial source of funds is relatively small in Türkiye. (0.5 %, rank 21/28 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the relative share of public expenditure from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively low. (72.7 %, rank 25/26 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Compared to 2015, the share of total public expenditure from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is comparatively large in Türkiye. (116 Index, rank 7/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the relative share of private expenditure from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is relatively large. (26.8 %, rank 2/26 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The relative share of international expenditure on tertiary education from initial source of funds in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.9 %, rank 24/28 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the relative share of private expenditure from initial source of funds on tertiary education is comparatively large. (30.6 %, rank 8/27 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Compared to 2015, the share of total government expenditure is comparatively high in Türkiye. (130 Index, rank 5/42 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    The share of capital expenditure for primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.2 %, rank 8/31 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The share of current expenditure for primary to tertiary education in Türkiye is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.8 %, rank 24/31 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of capital expenditure on secondary education is relatively in Türkiye. (9.9 %, rank 10/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of capital expenditure on tertiary education is relatively in Türkiye. (13.5 %, rank 5/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of current expenditure on tertiary education is relatively in Türkiye. (86.5 %, rank 28/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of hours per year lower secondary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively low in Türkiye. (521 Hours, rank 31/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The number of hours per year upper secondary teachers spend teaching general programmes in public institutions is comparatively low in Türkiye. (521 Hours, rank 30/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (63.6 %, rank 41/43 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in lower secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (58.4 %, rank 31/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (50.8 %, rank 35/42 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in short-cycle tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.8 %, rank 20/25 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (58.4 %, rank 32/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially high. (16.8 %, rank 4/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially high. (68.6 %, rank 1/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (21.2 %, rank 34/38 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (6.9 %, rank 35/35 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (16.8 %, rank 37/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (14.6 %, rank 37/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in general upper secondary education in Türkiye is relatively small. (52.2 %, rank 30/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively large. (54.1 %, rank 9/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Females aged 50 or more represent a small proportion of teachers in primary education in Türkiye. (50.7 %, rank 38/38 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in lower secondary education is especially low in Türkiye. (45.3 %, rank 34/35 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in upper secondary education is especially low in Türkiye. (38.2 %, rank 35/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially low in Türkiye. (32.5 %, rank 27/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (75.4 %, rank 1/23 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (60.6 %, rank 3/29 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of tertiary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (62.5 %, rank 2/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (15.1 %, rank 22/23 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (21.2 %, rank 28/29 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (20.5 %, rank 31/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of short-cycle tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (9.5 %, rank 4/23 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers younger than 30 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (18.1 %, rank 5/29 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (17 %, rank 6/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers younger than 30 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (54 %, rank 7/30 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of tertiary female teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (27 %, rank 22/23 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers older than 50 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (33.1 %, rank 24/30 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35365 USD Equivalent, rank 24/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35365 USD Equivalent, rank 26/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    The salary progression from the start to the top of the salary scale for a lower secondary school teacher is among the least rewarding among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.09 Ratio, rank 33/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Salaries of lower secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (35828 USD Equivalent, rank 24/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of pre-primary teachers' salaries at the top of scale to their starting salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.09 Ratio, rank 27/27 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of primary teachers' salaries at the top of scale to their starting salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.09 Ratio, rank 33/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of upper secondary teachers' salaries at the top of scale to their starting salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.09 Ratio, rank 33/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In pre-primary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is relatively low. (1.14 Ratio, rank 23/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In primary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively low. (1.14 Ratio, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In lower secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively low. (1.14 Ratio, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is relatively low. (1.14 Ratio, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.9 Ratio, rank 5/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially low in Türkiye. (10 Ratio, rank 21/30 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in private institutions is especially low in Türkiye. (8.1 Ratio, rank 34/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in independent private institutions is especially low in Türkiye. (8.1 Ratio, rank 18/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in private upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.4 Ratio, rank 36/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level in independent private institutions is especially low in Türkiye. (7.4 Ratio, rank 20/22 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.6 Ratio, rank 36/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the secondary level in independent private institutions is especially low in Türkiye. (7.6 Ratio, rank 22/24 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (21.7 Ratio, rank 5/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in private institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (23.3 Ratio, rank 5/29 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in indeoendent private institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (23.3 Ratio, rank 7/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in public institutions short-cycle tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (46.7 Ratio, rank 3/20 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in private institutions short-cycle tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (33.5 Ratio, rank 3/17 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in independent private short-cycle tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (33.5 Ratio, rank 2/8 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in public bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the highest among countries with available data. (18.3 Ratio, rank 5/27 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of students per teacher in private bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the highest among countries with available data. (21.1 Ratio, rank 5/24 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Class size

    Classes in lower secondary public institutions are comparatively large in Türkiye. (26 Students, rank 8/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary private institutions are comparatively small in Türkiye. (17 Students, rank 27/31 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In independent private institutions at lower secondary level, classes are one of the smallest in Türkiye among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17 Students, rank 14/17 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (49.7 %, rank 37/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (59.5 %, rank 41/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (63.2 %, rank 36/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (74.5 %, rank 41/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (81.9 %, rank 39/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (90.9 %, rank 27/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (51.1 %, rank 33/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (70.7 %, rank 39/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (60.8 %, rank 39/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively low. (64.1 %, rank 31/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Türkiye. (73 %, rank 38/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (15.3 %, rank 8/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (17.3 %, rank 6/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (44.5 %, rank 6/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (7.5 %, rank 5/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Türkiye. (76.6 %, rank 35/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (11.3 %, rank 7/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (11.9 %, rank 5/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (24.3 %, rank 1/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (28.4 %, rank 1/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is relatively low in Türkiye. (72.3 %, rank 42/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (19.7 %, rank 3/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (33.5 %, rank 1/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Türkiye. (79.2 %, rank 9/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (83.3 %, rank 35/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (23.6 %, rank 39/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Türkiye. (31.8 %, rank 41/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (71.1 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of arts and humanities, social sciences, journalism and information is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (67.3 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (72.9 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (72.6 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of information and communication technologies is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (73.9 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (78.4 %, rank 30/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health and welfare is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (78.3 %, rank 30/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (14.2 %, rank 5/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (10 %, rank 4/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.7 %, rank 22/26 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with below upper secondary education is high in Türkiye. (40.4 %, rank 6/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is high in Türkiye. (17.6 %, rank 5/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Türkiye. (13.9 %, rank 4/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Türkiye. (4.5 %, rank 8/11 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Türkiye. (13.6 %, rank 2/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a short cycle tertiary education degree is relatively high in Türkiye. (15.3 %, rank 3/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of adults who have been unemployed for at least a year among all unemployed adults with below upper secondary education is relatively low. (27.8 %, rank 29/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the proportion of adults who have been unemployed for at least a year among all unemployed adults with tertiary education is relatively high. (45.6 %, rank 6/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds with below secondary education compared to those of adults with an upper secondary education are relatively low in Türkiye. (77.9 %, rank 29/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (72.5 %, rank 30/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education are one of the highest among countries with available data. (79 %, rank 3/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education are one of the highest among countries with available data. (82.3 %, rank 7/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education are one of the highest among countries with available data. (78.3 %, rank 7/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of inactive youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among countries with available data. (22.5 %, rank 3/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among countries with available data. (9.8 %, rank 8/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 25-29 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (36.4 %, rank 3/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The proportion of youth neither employed nor in education or training among 15-29 year-olds in Türkiye is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.7 %, rank 3/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of men neither employed nor in education among 15-29 year-olds is relatively high. (18.4 %, rank 8/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of women neither employed nor in education among 15-29 year-olds is relatively high. (39.5 %, rank 2/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Among 20-24 year-olds men in Türkiye, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (22.8 %, rank 7/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of women neither employed nor in education or training among 20-24 year-olds is relatively high . (44 %, rank 2/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Participation in education by gender

    The share of women among tertiary education new entrants is one of the smallest compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.2 %, rank 31/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The share of new entrants younger than 25 in bachelor's or equivalent programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (73.8 %, rank 31/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the average age of new entrants in master's long first degree (LFD) programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.3 Years, rank 19/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of first-time entrants into tertiary education younger than 25 is relatively low. (70.3 %, rank 30/32 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The average age of new entrants in tertiary education in Türkiye is comparatively old. (24 Years, rank 4/32 , 2020) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • Tertiary attainment has increased strongly in most OECD countries among 25-34 year olds. The average share of younger adults with a tertiary degree has increased from 27% in 2000 to 48% in 2021.
    • Higher educational attainment leads to better labour-market outcomes including higher wages and higher employment rates.
    • Expenditure on tertiary education accounts for 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) on average across OECD countries or 30% of all education funding allocated to educational institutions.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation - Tertiary | Education policies: Finance and Funding - Tertiary | Education policies: Labour market outcomes - Tertiary | 
    
                            
    
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    • Tertiary attainment has increased strongly in most OECD countries among 25-34 year-olds. The average share of younger adults with a tertiary degree has increased from 27% in 2000 to 48% in 2021. In this age group, the share of individuals with tertiary attainment is 7 percentage points higher than the share of individuals with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment on average across OECD countries. If current trends continue, a tertiary education will be the most common attainment among working-age adults on average across OECD countries within a few years.
    • Higher educational attainment leads to better labour-market outcomes. In 2021, on average, employment rates for tertiary-educated young adults (25-34 year-olds) are 8 percentage points higher than those who have attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education and 26 percentage points higher than those who have attained below upper secondary education across OECD countries. 
    • Greater educational attainment yields better earnings and this holds true for higher levels of tertiary attainment in most countries. On average across the OECD, full-time full-year workers who attained short-cycle tertiary education earned 20% more than those with upper secondary attainment in 2020. This earnings advantage increases to 44% among those who attained a bachelor's or equivalent qualification and to 88% among those with a master's or doctoral or equivalent degree.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • On average, the vast majority (88%) of children between the age of 3 and 5 are enrolled in early childhood education (ECE) across the OECD. In a few countries, it is also common for younger children between the age of 0 and 2 to participate in ECE and over 50% of children in this age group are enrolled. However, only 27% of under-threes are enrolled in ECE on average across the OECD.
    • In almost all countries with available data, the majority of upper secondary graduates from general programmes are women. Men dominate graduation from vocational programmes in almost three-quarters of the countries.
    • While the average age of first-time graduates from general upper secondary education does not differ much across countries, the difference widens in vocational education, ranging from 16 to 34 years.
    • Around one-fifth of tertiary students are enrolled on a part-time basis, but large differences exist across OECD countries. Studying part-time is especially common in many Nordic countries, Australia, New Zealand and the United States, where more than 30% of students study part-time. However, in some countries like the Czech Republic, and Greece, less than 5% of students study part-time.
    • Students are more likely to cross borders to pursue their studies as they reach more advanced levels of education. Internationally mobile students account for only 7% of bachelor's students, but 17% of master's students and 26% of doctoral students on average in OECD countries.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Total public spending on education (from primary to tertiary level) averages 10.6% of total government expenditure across OECD countries, from around 7% to 17%. The largest share of government funding is devoted to primary and secondary levels, explained by near-universal enrolment rates at those levels of education and the greater contribution of private sources at tertiary level.
    • On average across OECD countries, expenditure on primary education amounts to 30% of the funding for educational institutions, while secondary education accounts for 39%.
    • In 2019, OECD countries spent an average of USD 17 559 per student per year at the tertiary level. However, this average is driven up by high values in a few countries, reaching over USD 25 000 in Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
    • On average across OECD countries, 63% of total expenditure on tertiary educational institutions goes to core services (e.g. teachers' salaries, school buildings, teaching materials and administration), 33% on research and development activities, and 4% on ancillary services (e.g. meals and transport).
    • Expenditure on tertiary education accounts for 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) on average across OECD countries or 30% of all education funding allocated to educational institutions.
    • On average across OECD countries, public funds account for 83% of total spending on educational institutions. Private sources are more important at the tertiary level, where they make up 31% of all expenditure compared to just 10% at the non-tertiary levels (primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary).
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Teachers' actual salaries at pre-primary, primary and general secondary level are 4-14% lower than the earnings of tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries and other participants. School heads' actual salaries are substantially higher than those of teachers across primary and secondary education.
    • Teachers in public schools in OECD and partner countries are required to teach on average 987 hours per year at pre-primary level, 784 hours at primary level, 711 hours at lower secondary level (general programmes) and 684 hours at upper secondary level (general and vocational programmes).
    • Typically, the duration of initial teacher education programmes varies from 3 years to 6.5 years, for prospective lower secondary teachers of general subjects. A tertiary qualification is awarded upon completion of the programme in most countries, regardless of the level of education at which the teacher will teach.
    • Continuing professional development is compulsory to some extent for teachers of general subjects at least at one level of education in most countries with data, except Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands and New Zealand. It can be either generally compulsory for all teachers as a regular part of their work, or for some teachers for specific purposes such as promotion or salary increases, or in some cases, both.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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				Key
            
    
            Diagram of funding flows - Türkiye
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
				Key
            
    
            Country Reviews for Türkiye
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
            by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
            education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
            more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
            take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. 
            The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
            

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
			B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
			

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.