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    • Education system in Netherlands

    Netherlands
    Overview of the education system (EAG 2020)
  • On average, 68% of all upper secondary students enrol in VET programmes in Netherlands, a higher proportion than the OECD average of 42%.
  • In 2019, 49% of 25-34 year-olds had a tertiary degree in Netherlands compared to 45% on average across OECD countries.
  • In Netherlands, in 2018, 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary degree with income from full-time, full-year employment earned 47% more than full-time, full-year workers with upper secondary education compared to 54% on average across OECD countries.
  • In 2017, Netherlands invested a total of USD 13 809 per student on primary to tertiary institutions compared to USD 11 231 on average across OECD countries. This represents 5.2% of GDP, compared to 4.9% on average across OECD countries.
  • In 2018, 89% of 3-5 year-olds were enrolled in early childhood education and care programmes and primary education in Netherlands, compared to 88% on average across OECD countries.
  • Statutory salaries of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of their salary scales are 65% - 105% higher than those of teachers with the minimum qualifications at the start of their career at pre-primary (ISCED 02), primary and general lower and upper secondary levels in Netherlands compared to 78-80% on average.
    • | Education at a Glance 2020 | Country Note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2020 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Netherlands | Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, in Dutch) | Trends in Beeld (Trends in Focus, in Dutch) | Open Onderwijsdata (Open Education Data, in Dutch) |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Educational outcomes

    The percentage of first-time graduates in vocational programmes at upper secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.5 %, rank 10/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30.8 %, rank 10/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.7 %, rank 36/38 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.7 %, rank 29/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.1 %, rank 28/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary graduates from general programmes in Netherlands is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (17.1 Years, rank 36/38 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the average age of first-time tertiary graduates is relatively low. (23.6 Years, rank 26/28 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the percentage of first-time bachelor's graduates younger than 30 is relatively high. (95.3 %, rank 1/30 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the percentage of first-time master's graduates younger than 35 is relatively high. (95.1 %, rank 3/29 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the percentage of first-time doctorate graduates younger than 35 is relatively high. (83.1 %, rank 2/30 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    In Netherlands, the share of 25-64 year-old men who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the largest among countries with available data. (23.1 %, rank 9/46 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Netherlands has one of the largest share of women among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (46.9 %, rank 8/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Netherlands has one of the largest share of women among 55-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (49.2 %, rank 7/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (27.7 %, rank 8/32 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (11.3 %, rank 28/32 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The enrolment rate among 15-19 year-olds in Netherlands is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (92.5 %, rank 7/40 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (67.5 %, rank 6/41 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the average age of new entrants in doctoral programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27 Years, rank 37/37 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the percentage of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes younger than 25 is relatively high. (94.9 %, rank 4/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the percentage of first-time entrants into tertiary education younger than 25 is relatively high. (94.4 %, rank 3/31 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary 15-19-year-old students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (54 %, rank 8/39 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary 20-24-year-old students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (97.5 %, rank 3/38 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of students enrolled in school- and work-based programmes among all upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/26 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (50.9 %, rank 29/33 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Graduation expectancy

    In Netherlands, the percentage of today's young people expected to graduate from a doctoral or equivalent programme before the age of 35 ranks as one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.8 %, rank 5/31 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Netherlands has one of the lowest percentages of young people expected to graduate from short tertiary education programmes before the age of 30. (0.8 %, rank 21/26 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Excluding mobile students, Netherlands has one of the lowest percentages of young people expected to graduate from short tertiary education before the age of 30. (0.8 %, rank 19/23 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Netherlands has one of the highest percentages of young people expected to obtain a bachelor's or an equivalent degree before the age of 30. (44.4 %, rank 5/31 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    In Netherlands, the share of female doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively low. (36.7 %, rank 41/43 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.8 %, rank 37/42 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 36/43 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of education in Netherlands is relatively small. (1.4 %, rank 41/45 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of arts and humaties in Netherlands is relatively small. (7.9 %, rank 37/45 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.8 %, rank 29/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.1 %, rank 6/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of services is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.6 %, rank 10/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Adult learning

    In Netherlands, the proportion of employed adults participating in non-formal education and training is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (71.8 %, rank 3/36 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of adults employed in enterprises of 1-9 persons and participating in non-formal education and training is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (59.2 %, rank 4/36 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of adults employed in the private sector and participating in non-formal education and training is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (66.4 %, rank 2/36 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of adults employed in the public sector and participating in non-formal education and training is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (84.1 %, rank 3/36 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The percentage of employed adults participating in job-related non-formal education and training sponsored by the employer is relatively high. (62.3 %, rank 1/36 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of adults employed in enterprises of 1-9 persons and participating in job-related non-formal education and training sponsored by the employer is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (45 %, rank 3/36 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the number of annual hours of participation of adults in formal and/or non-formal education and training is comparatively low (89 %, rank 20/26 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the number of annual hours of participation of adults without an upper secondary education in formal and/or non-formal education and training is comparatively low (73 %, rank 17/24 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the number of annual hours of participation of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary education in formal and/or non-formal education and training is comparatively low (81 %, rank 21/26 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The annual training costs per participant are one of the highest across OECD countries and partner countries. (2660 %, rank 4/25 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the annual training costs as a share of total labour costs is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner countries. (2.3 %, rank 5/25 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In enterprises of 10-49 employed persons, the annual training costs as a share of total labour costs is relatively high. (1.8 %, rank 4/25 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In enterprises of ver 249 employed persons, the annual training costs as a share of total labour costs is relatively high. (2.5 %, rank 5/25 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Netherlands, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively low. (9.8 %, rank 32/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of arts and humanities is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (57.1 %, rank 30/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of business, administration and law is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (45.5 %, rank 33/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (46.1 %, rank 29/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14 %, rank 26/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of arts and humanities among all national tertiary students in Netherlands is relatively low. (7.7 %, rank 31/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all national tertiary students in Netherlands is relatively low. (9 %, rank 32/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively small. (34.5 %, rank 34/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively small. (14.1 %, rank 30/32 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (16 %, rank 30/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively small. (9.8 %, rank 32/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Netherlands has one of the largest proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.8 %, rank 9/45 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the number of international or foreign students per national student abroad is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6 Students, rank 6/46 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of international graduates among first-time short-cycle tertiary first-time graduates is relatively low. (0 %, rank 21/24 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of international graduates among bachelor's first-time graduates is relatively high. (10.2 %, rank 7/29 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively high. (41.7 %, rank 5/28 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of social sciences, journalism and information among all international or foreign tertiary students in Netherlands is relatively high. (19.1 %, rank 2/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of business, administration and law among all international or foreign tertiary students in Netherlands is relatively high. (28.4 %, rank 10/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Resources for education

    In Netherlands, the share of capital expediture on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.1 %, rank 7/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the share of current expediture on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (89.9 %, rank 26/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the share of capital expediture on primary through tertiary is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.2 %, rank 7/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the share of current expediture on primary through tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (89.8 %, rank 23/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The average annual growth rate of total expenditure on tertiary educational institutions between 2012 and 2017 is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.9 %, rank 8/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20445 USD Equivalent, rank 7/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13809 USD Equivalent, rank 10/36 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per secondary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13889 USD Equivalent, rank 7/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13104 USD Equivalent, rank 8/34 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Netherlands, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (1.7 %, rank 7/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The total expenditure on early childhood and care educational institutions, as a percentage of GDP, is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.4 %, rank 26/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Public and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.8 %, rank 8/35 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the share of private expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.3 %, rank 21/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in pre-primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (87.9 %, rank 41/41 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in lower secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (53.7 %, rank 35/40 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (65.7 %, rank 18/21 , 2015) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially high. (14.1 %, rank 9/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (42.7 %, rank 30/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (77936 USD Equivalent, rank 3/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The ratio of primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.73 Ratio, rank 21/25 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average actual lower secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (72501 USD Equivalent, rank 2/28 , 2019) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the highest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (77936 USD Equivalent, rank 3/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 25-34 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is high in Netherlands. (1.02 Ratio, rank 4/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is high in Netherlands. (0.84 Ratio, rank 7/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-34 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the highest in Netherlands relatively compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (56939 USD Equivalent, rank 1/24 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the highest in Netherlands. (80508 USD Equivalent, rank 2/24 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    The salary progression from the start to the top of the salary scale for a lower secondary school teacher is among the most rewarding among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.05 Ratio, rank 5/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for teachers with minimum training in primary education are especially high. (41632 USD Equivalent, rank 8/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Salaries of primary school teachers with minimum training at the top of scale are especially high. (68525 USD Equivalent, rank 8/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for lower secondary teachers with minimum training are especially high. (44215 USD Equivalent, rank 8/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Salaries of lower secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially high. (67769 USD Equivalent, rank 4/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Primary school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Netherlands. (0.98 Ratio, rank 21/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Upper-secondary school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Netherlands. (1.23 Ratio, rank 16/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average lower secondary school heads' actual salary is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (101354 USD Equivalent, rank 4/23 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, the average actual salaries of 25-34 year-old lower-secondary school heads is relatively high compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (77992 USD Equivalent, rank 4/16 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the highest in Netherlands. (103929 USD Equivalent, rank 4/20 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of lower secondary men school heads aged 25 to 64 is one of the highest in Netherlands. (101704 USD Equivalent, rank 4/20 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of lower secondary women school heads aged 25 to 64 is one of the highest in Netherlands. (100647 USD Equivalent, rank 4/20 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.2 Ratio, rank 10/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in secondary schools is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.9 Ratio, rank 8/41 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In Netherlands, the intended instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (940 Hours, rank 8/29 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Netherlands, compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1000 Hours, rank 7/35 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (88.4 %, rank 10/44 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (91.4 %, rank 7/41 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (96 %, rank 8/35 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (87.9 %, rank 9/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (83.8 %, rank 6/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is low in Netherlands. (6.3 %, rank 39/43 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (2.8 %, rank 30/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (5.1 %, rank 28/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (2.7 %, rank 25/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (3 %, rank 28/29 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds without an upper secondary education with income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (87 %, rank 1/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (83.3 %, rank 9/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (84.9 %, rank 9/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    (3.5 %, rank 31/39 , 2018) Download Indicator

    (7.4 %, rank 38/39 , 2018) Download Indicator

    (4.1 %, rank 29/38 , 2018) Download Indicator

    (7.6 %, rank 35/39 , 2018) Download Indicator

    (3 %, rank 30/37 , 2018) Download Indicator

    (7.2 %, rank 37/39 , 2018) Download Indicator

    (10.5 %, rank 37/39 , 2018) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • While 37% of 15-19 year-old upper secondary students are in vocational programmes, the share increases to 61% among students over 25.
    • The most popular fields of study among vocational graduates vary at different levels of education. While engineering, manufacturing and construction is the most common broad field at upper secondary level, at short-cycle tertiary level, most students graduate from business, administration and law, or health and welfare.
    • Combined school and work-based learning can help students transition smootly into the labor market.  However, only one -third of all upper secondary vocational students are enrolled in school and work-based programmes on average across OECD countries.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | Education policies: Access and Participation  | What characterises upper secondary vocational education and training? | 
    
                            
    
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    • Between the age of 3 to 5, 88% of children are enrolled in pre-primary and primary education, on average across OECD countries.
    • The estimated expenditure on all children aged 3 to 5 enrolled in ECEC and primary education amounts to an average of 0.6% of GDP. Only in Iceland and Norway does it equal or exceed 1.0%.
    • The ECEC workforce is at the heart of high-quality education. On average across OECD countries, there are 14 children  for every teacher working in pre-primary education (ISCED 02).

    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation - Early Childhood Education | Starting Strong 2017: Key OECD Indicators on Early Childhood Education and Care | Starting Strong V: Transitions from Early Childhood Education and Care to Primary Education | Who bears the cost of early childhood education and how does it affect enrolment? | Access to early childhood and the participation of women in the labour market | 
    
                            
    
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    • In 2019, 45% of 25-34 year-olds held a tertiary degree, compared to 28%  among 55-64 year-olds, on average across OECD countries.
    • On average across OECD countries, 17% of first-time tertiary entrants enter short-cycle tertiary programmes. The employment rate of adults with a short-cycle tertiary degree is 4 percentage points higher than those with an upper secondary vocational attainment and they earn 16% more, on average across OECD countries.
    • Based on current patterns, it is estimated that 38% of young adults across OECD countries will graduate from tertiary education for the first time before the age of 30 (excluding international students).
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation - Tertiary | What are the choices facing first-time entrants to tertiary education? | How does socio-economic status influence entry into tertiary education? | 
    
                            
    
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    • In 2017, total expenditure amounted to approximately USD 9 100 per student in primary institutions and USD 10 500  in secondary institutions on average across OECD countries.
    • After increasing  between 2005 and 2012, total expenditure on primary to tertiary institutions as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) has fallen to 4.9% in 2017 on average, below its 2005 value of  5.1%. This is due to educational expenditure rising more slowly than GDP over this period, growing by 17%  while GDP grew by 27%.
    • Private sources financed more than 30% of the expenditure, on average, at tertiary level compared to 10% at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level.

    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | How has private expenditure on tertiary education evolved over time and how does it affect participation in education? | How much would it cost to reduce class size by one student? | 
    
                            
    
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    • There are relatively few young teachers (under the age of 30), and the proportion decreases with the level of education. Young teachers make up 12% of the teaching population  in primary education, 10%  in lower secondary education and 8%  in upper secondary education, on average across OECD countries.
    • While instruction time for students increases at higher educational levels, statutory teaching time in public institutions decreases: teachers in OECD countries and economies are required to teach on average 778 hours per year  at primary level compared to 680 hours  at upper secondary level (general programmes).
    • Between 2005 and 2019, the statutory salaries of primary and secondary general teachers - with 15 years of experience and the most prevalent qualifications - increased by 2-3%, despite salaries falling after the 2008 economic crisis, on average across OECD countries and economies with available data.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | Teachers' salaries evolution and how they compare to those of tertiary-educated workers | How do primary and secondary teachers compare? | 
    
                            
    
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            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
            by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
            education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
            more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
            take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. 
            The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Some countries may have provided data refering to another year, to know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.  
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS average.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2019 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
			B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
			

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.