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Data profiles:


Italy
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018)
  • Teaching was the first-choice career for 65% of teachers in Italy and for 67% in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. In terms of why they joined the profession, at least 79% of teachers in Italy cite the opportunity to influence children's development or contribute to society as a major motivation.
  • About one out of two of teachers (48%) in Italy are aged 50 and above (OECD average 34%). This means that Italy will have to renew about one out of two members of its teaching workforce over the next decade or so.
  • In terms of classroom environments, relations between students and teachers are positive overall, with 97% of teachers in Italy agreeing that students and teachers usually get on well with each other. However, 3% of principals report regular acts of intimidation or bullying among their students, which is lower than the OECD average (14%).
  • In Italy, 35% of teachers work in schools where at least 10% of the students have a migrant background (OECD average 17%). At the same time, 94% of school leaders report that their teachers believe that children and young people should learn that people of different cultures have a lot in common (OECD average 95%).
  • In Italy, 12% of teachers "agree" or "strongly agree" with the statement that their profession is valued in society, which is lower than the average across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. (26%). In Italy, between 2013 and 2018, the percentage of teachers reporting that the teaching profession is valued in society has remained stable.
  • In Italy, 6% of teachers report experiencing stress in their work "a lot", which is lower than the OECD average (18%).
  • 18% of teachers report participating in collaborative professional learning at least once a month (OECD average 21%) and 62% engage in team teaching with the same frequency (OECD average 28%).
  • In Italy, 27% of teachers report that they had never received feedback in their schools (OECD average 10%). The forms of feedback most commonly used in Italy are based on school-based and classroom-based results, external results of students the teacher teaches and observation of the teacher's classroom teaching.
    • | Country Note | TALIS 2018 (Volume I): Teachers and School Leaders as Lifelong Learners | TALIS 2018 Results (Volume II): Teachers and School Leaders as Valued Professionals | TALIS 2018 Conceptual Framework | Education policies: Teachers  |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Who the teachers are

    Teachers are on average older than teachers in most other TALIS countries. (48.6 Years, rank 6/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Italy, more teachers are aged 50 and above relative to other TALIS countries. (48.4 %, rank 6/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Italy shows one of the strongest decreases in the share of teachers aged 50 and above between 2013 and 2018, compared to other countries participating in the TALIS survey. (-2 % points, rank 26/32 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Who the principals are

    Compared to other TALIS countries, a larger proportion of principals in Italy are female. (68.7 %, rank 5/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Principals in Italy are on average older than principals in most other TALIS countries. (56.4 Years, rank 3/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A larger proportion of principals are aged 60 and above relative to other TALIS countries. (31.7 %, rank 3/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Initial and induction training of teachers

    In Italy, less teachers had content, pedagogy and classroom practice in their initial formal education or training. (64 %, rank 48/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A larger proportion of teachers did not take part in formal or informal induction activities at the current school. (74.7 %, rank 8/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Italy, less novice teachers had an assigned mentor at the current school. (5.1 %, rank 50/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Professional development of teachers

    A small percentage of teachers participated in peer and/or self-observation and coaching as part of a formal school arrangement in the 12 months prior to the survey. (24.7 %, rank 43/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Professional development of principals

    Among TALIS countries, Italy has a higher proportion of principals who participated in at least one professional development activity in the 12 months prior to the survey. (100 %, rank 1/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Relative to other TALIS countries, more principals in Italy never received any instructional leadership training . (34.3 %, rank 4/47 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teacher appraisal and feedback

    In Italy, the percentage of teachers who have received feedback via more than three different methods is relatively low. (23.8 %, rank 48/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Italy has one of the highest proportion of teachers whose school principals report that they are never formally appraised. (36.4 %, rank 2/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Italy has a relative high proportion of teachers whose school principals report that their teachers' formal appraisal can result in an increase in a teacher's salary or payment of a financial bonus (school management not having significant responsibility over the determination of teachers' salary increases). (87.5 %, rank 4/45 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A high share of teachers report that they have never received feedback in their school. (27.1 %, rank 3/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' practices

    On average, teachers in Italy report spending less hours per week teaching. (16.8 Hours/week, rank 46/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers report spending less individual time planning and preparing lessons. (5.1 Hours/week, rank 45/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A small proportion of teachers report to 'frequently' or 'always' explain what they expect students to learn. (85.4 %, rank 41/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A large proportion of teachers report to 'frequently' or 'always' explain how new and old topics are related. (93.4 %, rank 4/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A small proportion of teachers report to 'frequently' or 'always' when the lesson begins, tell students to quieten down quickly. (50.4 %, rank 41/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A large proportion of teachers report to 'frequently' or 'always' let students practise similar tasks until knowing that every student has understood the subject matter. (85.5 %, rank 5/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A small proportion of teachers report to 'frequently' or 'always' give students projects that require at least one week to complete. (20.2 %, rank 42/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' autonomy, collegiality and collaboration

    Italy has one of the highest proportion of teachers who agree that they have control over determining course content. (94.7 %, rank 6/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A high percentage of principals report that teachers in Italy have significant responsibility for the majority of tasks concerning school policies, instruction and curriculum. (89.2 %, rank 1/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A high share of teachers report engaging in team-teaching at least once a month. (62.3 %, rank 2/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teaching students with special needs

    More school leaders in Italy report a shortage of teachers with competence in teaching students with special needs. (47.5 %, rank 9/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    "Teaching in a mixed-ability setting" was included in a higher proportion of teachers' professional development activities. (74.1 %, rank 1/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teaching in multicultural settings

    "Teaching in a multicultural or multilingual setting" was included in a lower proportion of teachers' formal education or training in Italy. (26.3 %, rank 42/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Classroom management

    "Student behaviour and classroom management" was included in a lower proportion of teachers' formal education or training. (57.5 %, rank 43/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    More teachers in Italy feel that they can calm a student who is disruptive or noisy compared to most TALIS countries. (92.6 %, rank 8/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' self-efficacy

    Relative to most other TALIS countries, more teachers believe that they are able to help their students to value learning. (96.2 %, rank 5/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A larger proportion of teachers believe that they can help their students to think critically. (95.1 %, rank 4/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' satisfaction with their jobs

    A larger proportion of teachers are satisfied with their job relative to most other TALIS countries. (95.9 %, rank 5/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Compared to most other TALIS countries, Italy has a low proportion of teachers who are satisfied with the salary they receive for their work. (20.8 %, rank 43/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Principals' satisfaction with their jobs

    A smaller proportion of principals believe that the teaching profession is valued in society relative to other TALIS countries. (10.2 %, rank 46/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A smaller proportion of principals are satisfied with their job relative to most other TALIS countries. (92.5 %, rank 40/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A relatively low share of principals are satisfied with the salary they receive for their work. (16.5 %, rank 49/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A relatively low share of principals, apart from their salary, are satisfied with the terms of their teaching contract/employment. (28.4 %, rank 49/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' engagement, motivation and drive

    When deciding to become a teacher, a small share of teachers report that influencing the development of children and young people was of 'moderate importance' or 'high importance'. (78.5 %, rank 50/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers’ working conditions, mobility and risk of attrition

    Italy has one of the highest proportion of teachers employed on a fixed-term contract. (25.3 %, rank 4/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Italy, the percentage of teachers experiencing a lot of stress in their work is relatively low. (5.9 %, rank 45/50 , 2018) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    •  Across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, teachers are 44 years old and principals are 52 years old, on average. Furthermore, 20% of principals across the OECD are aged 60 and above.
    •  In the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 47% of principals are women, compared to 68% of teachers.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: School leadership | 
    
                            
    
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    • In OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 65% of teachers report frequently calming students who are disruptive and 84% report frequently explaining how new and old topics are related.
    • During a typical lesson, teachers spend 78% of classroom time on actual teaching and learning, on average in the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS.
    • In the past five to ten years, classroom time spent on actual teaching and learning has decreased in about half of the countries and economies participating in TALIS.
    • 84% of teachers report having control over determining course content in their class, on average across in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. 
    • 81% of teachers say that they work in a collaborative school culture characterised by mutual support, on average in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. Furthermore, 59% of principals took actions on a regular basis to support co-operation among teachers to develop new teaching practices in the 12 months prior to the survey.
    • On average in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, only 21% of teachers report participating in collaborative professional learning at least once a month and 28% engage in team-teaching with the same frequency.
    • About half of teachers in the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS  "frequently" or "always" let students use ICT for projects or class work, but 25% of school principals report that delivery of quality instruction in their school is hindered by a shortage or inadequacy of digital technology for instruction.
    • In the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 27% of teachers work in classes with at least 10% of students with special needs (i.e. those for whom a special learning need has been formally identified because they are mentally, physically, or emotionally disadvantaged). But, 32% of school principals report that delivery of quality instruction in their school is hindered by a shortage of teachers with competence in teaching students with special needs.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher practices | Education policies: Learning time and Disciplinary climate | Education policies: Special needs | Education policies: Migrant background | Education policies: Digital divide | 
    
                            
    
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    • During their initial education and training, 79% of teachers in the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS were instructed on subject content, pedagogy and classroom. Only 42% of teachers report having participated in some kind of formal or informal induction when they joined their current school.
    • In the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, taking part in some kind of in-service training is commonplace among teachers and principals, with 94% of teachers and 99% of principals attending at least one professional development activity in the year prior to the survey.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher initial education | Education policies: Teacher professional development | Education policies: School leader preparation and development | 
    
                            
    
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    • Across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 26% of teachers "agree" or "strongly agree" with the statement that their profession is valued in society. Between 2013 and 2018, the percentage of teachers reporting that the profession is valued in society has increased in almost half of the countries and economies with available data.
    • Nine out of ten teachers and 95% of school leaders report that, all in all, they are satisfied with their job, on average in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS.
    • 39% of teachers and 47% of school leaders report being satisfied with their salaries, on average in OECD countries and economies.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher working conditions | Education policies: School leader working conditions | 
    
                            
    
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    • Across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 82% of teachers have a permanent contract while 12% of teacher are employed on contracts of one year or less.
    • 18% of teachers report experiencing stress in their work "a lot", on average in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. 49% of teachers report that having too much administrative work is a source of stress they experience at work "quite a bit" or "a lot".
    • A quarter of teachers report that they would like to leave teaching within the next five years, on average across the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. Furthermore, 14% of teachers age 50 or would like to leave teaching in the next five years.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher working conditions | Education policies: School leader working conditions | Education policies: Class size & Student-teacher ratio | 
    
                            
    
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    • Only 10% of teachers report that they have never received feedback in their schools. On average across the OECD, the forms of feedback most commonly used are based on classroom observations and students' school-based and classroom-based results.
    • 71% of teachers who received feedback in the 12 months prior to the survey report that it had a positive impact on their teaching practice. In all countries and economies participating in TALIS, teachers who report receiving feedback based on multiple methods are more likely to find that the feedback they received had a positive impact on their teaching.
    • The proportion of teachers who work in schools where appraisal can result in a salary increase or financial bonus is 55% in schools where school management has responsibility over salaries. In schools where school management does not have responsibility over salaries, the proportion is only 30%.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher appraisal | Education policies: School leader appraisal | 
    
                            
    
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    • The proportion of female teachers represents over three quarters of the primary teaching force (TALIS average 78%), which is higher than the proportion in lower secondary education of 63%. 
    • Less than half of teachers (46% on average) cited receiving formal training in facilitating transitions from early childhood education to primary education. However, a slightly smaller share of teachers (38%) said they felt well or very well prepared in this area. 
    • Thirty-seven percent (37%) of teachers report  modifying lessons for students with special needs is a source of stress "quite a bit" or "a lot" in primary in contrast to 29% in lower secondary.
    • Teachers in upper secondary education reported being involved in fewer collaborative activities than their peers in lower secondary education. Teaching jointly as a team in the same class shows significant decreases among teachers in upper secondary (5 percentage points difference). 
    • Almost a quarter of teachers (23%) in upper secondary education stated they would like to leave teaching in the next five years. Teachers satisfied with their salaries and terms of employment, and who consider the school provides opportunities to engage in discussion and has a collaborative culture are less likely to state they will leave teaching. 
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers, primary education | Education policies: School leaders, primary education | Education policies: Teachers, upper secondary education | Education policies: School leaders, upper secondary education | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Italy
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
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            Country Reviews for Italy
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
            by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
            education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
            more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
            take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. 
            The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.  
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
			B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
			

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.