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    • Education system in Israel

    Israel
    Overview of the education system (EAG 2020)
  • On average, 41% of all upper secondary students enrol in VET programmes in Israel, a lower proportion than the OECD average of 42%.
  • In 2019, 47% of 25-34 year-olds had a tertiary degree in Israel compared to 45% on average across OECD countries.
  • In Israel, in 2018, 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary degree with income from full-time, full-year employment earned 49% more than full-time, full-year workers with upper secondary education compared to 54% on average across OECD countries.
  • In 2017, Israel invested a total of USD 9 671 per student on primary to tertiary institutions compared to USD 11 231 on average across OECD countries. This represents 6.2% of GDP, compared to 4.9% on average across OECD countries.
  • In 2018, all 3-5 year-olds were enrolled in early childhood education and care programmes and primary education in Israel, compared to 88% on average across OECD countries.
  • Statutory salaries of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of their salary scales are 123% - 185% higher than those of teachers with the minimum qualifications at the start of their career at pre-primary (ISCED 02), primary and general lower and upper secondary levels in Israel compared to 78-80% on average.
    • | Education at a Glance 2020 | Country Note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2020 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | Misrad Hachinuch (Ministry of Education, in Hebrew) | HaLishka HaMerkazit LiStatistika (Central Bureau of Statistics, in Hebrew) | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Israel |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

    Show indicators for which your country ranks among the top or bottom: Sort by:

    Educational outcomes

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary qualification is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.4 %, rank 32/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.7 %, rank 32/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.1 %, rank 32/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of 25-64 year-olds who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (23.7 %, rank 9/46 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (1.3 %, rank 10/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 32/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10 %, rank 27/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-34 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.4 %, rank 4/38 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 55-64 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.9 %, rank 9/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15 %, rank 5/39 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary graduates from vocational programmes in Israel is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (17.2 Years, rank 35/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary graduates from general programmes in Israel is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (17.2 Years, rank 33/38 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of first-time bachelor's graduates younger than 30 is relatively low. (75.8 %, rank 29/30 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of first-time master's graduates younger than 35 is relatively low. (57 %, rank 29/29 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of first-time doctorate graduates younger than 35 is relatively low. (36.4 %, rank 30/30 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the largest among countries with available data. (27 %, rank 7/46 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Israel has one of the smallest share of women among 55-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. (40.5 %, rank 27/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The enrolment rate among 15-19 year-olds in Israel is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (66.2 %, rank 38/40 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in Israel is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/41 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in Israel is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (98.7 %, rank 5/41 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of young people expected to enter in a bachelor's or equivalent programme before the age of 25 is relatively low. (35.4 %, rank 32/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of young people expected to enter into tertiary education before the age of 25 is relatively low. (45.1 %, rank 25/31 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of young people (excluding international students) expected to be new entrants to bachelor's or equivalent programmes education before the age of 25 is relatively low. (35.4 %, rank 32/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary 20-24-year-old students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7 %, rank 36/38 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of students enrolled in school- and work-based programmes among all upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.3 %, rank 23/26 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Graduation expectancy

    In Israel, the percentage of today's young people expected to graduate from a doctoral or equivalent programme before the age of 35 ranks as one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 27/31 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of today's young people expected to obtain a master's or an equivalent degree before the age of 35 is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (11.1 %, rank 23/30 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (50.7 %, rank 9/39 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law in Israel is relatively small. (4.3 %, rank 38/45 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Israel is relatively large. (39.8 %, rank 3/45 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of health and welfare in Israel is relatively small. (4.6 %, rank 41/45 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Adult learning

    In Israel, the proportion of adults employed in the private sector and participating in non-formal education and training is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (43.9 %, rank 28/36 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the number of annual hours of participation of adults with upper secondary or post-secondary education in non-formal education and training is comparatively high (125.5 %, rank 6/36 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Israel, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of business, administration and law is relatively low. (15 %, rank 35/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of health and welfare is relatively low. (7.2 %, rank 32/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of arts and humanities among all national tertiary students in Israel is relatively low. (7.8 %, rank 30/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of business, administration and law among all national tertiary students in Israel is relatively low. (14.2 %, rank 33/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of health and welfare among all national tertiary students in Israel is relatively low. (8 %, rank 32/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of services among all national tertiary students in Israel is relatively low. (0 %, rank 34/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel,the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (15.3 %, rank 31/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of male among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of health and welfare is relatively small. (27.5 %, rank 33/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of business, administration and law is relatively small. (15 %, rank 35/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in field of health and welfare is relatively small. (7.2 %, rank 32/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    The share of international students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Israel is relatively small. (8.4 %, rank 32/35 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of arts and humanities among all international or foreign tertiary students in Israel is relatively high. (15.6 %, rank 8/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of social sciences, journalism and information among all international or foreign tertiary students in Israel is relatively high. (19.7 %, rank 1/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in Israel is relatively high. (9.7 %, rank 10/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of engineering, manunfacturing and construction among all international or foreign tertiary students in Israel is relatively low. (9.4 %, rank 30/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of services among all international or foreign tertiary students in Israel is relatively low. (0 %, rank 33/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 29/32 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 29/33 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Resources for education

    In Israel, the share of current expediture on primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.5 %, rank 27/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of capital expediture on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.6 %, rank 9/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of current expediture on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (90.4 %, rank 24/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of capital expediture on primary through tertiary is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9 %, rank 9/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of current expediture on primary through tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (91 %, rank 21/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Between 2012 and 2017, the average annual growth rate in total expenditure on educational institutions from primary to tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.5 %, rank 4/31 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Compared to 2015, total governement expenditure is relatively high. (111 Index, rank 6/46 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of capital expediture on post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 16/17 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per pupil at the pre-primary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5049 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student in post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1205 USD Equivalent, rank 19/19 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on tertiary education in Israel is comparatively low. (44 USD Equivalent, rank 23/25 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for ancillary educational services on primary to tertiary education in Israel is comparatively low. (367 USD Equivalent, rank 20/25 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The average annual growth in the number of full-time equivalent students from primary to tertiary education between 2012 and 2017 is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.3 %, rank 3/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student in tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1135 USD Equivalent, rank 19/19 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The average annual growth rate of total expenditure per full-time equivalent student in tertiary education between 2012 and 2017 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (-2.9 %, rank 26/31 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The average annual growth of the number of full-time equivalent students in tertiary education between 2012 and 2017 is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.1 %, rank 4/38 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Israel, expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies. (6.2 %, rank 5/36 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (5 %, rank 8/42 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (1.2 %, rank 9/36 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The total expenditure on early childhood and care educational institutions, as a percentage of GDP, is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.3 %, rank 5/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Public and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (45.7 %, rank 9/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (13.1 %, rank 8/42 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on tertiary education is relatively low. (0 %, rank 26/31 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively low. (0 %, rank 25/30 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for tertiary education is comparatively small. (54.3 %, rank 29/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure, for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Israel compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.8 %, rank 4/42 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, public expenditure on early childhood and care educational institutions from final source of funds is relatively low. (73 %, rank 25/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of private expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27 %, rank 5/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of international expenditure on primary through tertiary education from initial source of funds is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 24/28 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the share of international expenditure on tertiary education from initial source of funds is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 25/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of days of instruction in a school year in lower secondary school is especially low. (174 Days, rank 28/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The number of days of instruction in a school year in upper secondary school is especially low. (172 Days, rank 30/34 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially low. (26 %, rank 28/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (34450 USD Equivalent, rank 25/32 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The ratio of pre-primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.83 Ratio, rank 5/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.91 Ratio, rank 6/25 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is high in Israel. (0.97 Ratio, rank 2/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the highest in Israel. (56282 USD Equivalent, rank 8/24 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    The salary progression from the start to the top of the salary scale for a lower secondary school teacher is among the most rewarding among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.04 Ratio, rank 6/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for teachers with minimum training in primary education are especially low. (21786 USD Equivalent, rank 28/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for lower secondary teachers with minimum training are especially low. (21900 USD Equivalent, rank 29/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Salaries of lower secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (30752 USD Equivalent, rank 24/33 , 2019) Download Indicator

    It takes lower secondary teachers longer to progress through the salary scale in Israel compared to other OECD and partner countries. (36 Years, rank 5/26 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Lower-secondary school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is high in Israel. (1.49 Ratio, rank 5/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.4 Ratio, rank 5/36 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in secondary schools is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.4 Ratio, rank 32/41 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In Israel, the intended instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (958 Hours, rank 7/29 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Israel, compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (984 Hours, rank 10/35 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary public institutions are comparatively large in Israel. (29 Students, rank 4/34 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary private institutions are comparatively large in Israel. (24 Students, rank 6/32 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (91 %, rank 10/41 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (69.8 %, rank 29/38 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (56.6 %, rank 37/42 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (52.3 %, rank 40/42 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.6 %, rank 16/21 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64, with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Israel, compared to other OECD countries. (13.2 %, rank 28/31 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Israel, compared to other OECD countries. (12.7 %, rank 30/31 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Israel, compared to other OECD countries. (9.9 %, rank 31/31 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the largest in Israel, compared to OECD countries. (48 %, rank 4/38 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with below upper secondary education is high in Israel. (39.8 %, rank 5/41 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (5 %, rank 29/36 , 2019) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively Israel. (26.5 %, rank 6/37 , 2019) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (9 %, rank 8/29 , 2019) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    The proportion of female full-time earners among all earners aged 35 to 44 without upper secondary education is comparatively high. (39.6 %, rank 7/28 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The earnings of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low compared to those of adults with an upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education. (75 Index, rank 31/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds without an upper secondary education with income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (66.9 %, rank 34/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (66.6 %, rank 35/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (68.7 %, rank 33/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (72.4 %, rank 36/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Compared with other OECD and partner countries, the proportional difference in earnings between 25-64 year-old adults with a short-cycle tertiary education degree and those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is low. (106 Index, rank 25/29 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The gap in average earnings between 25-64 year-old women with a short-cycle tertiary education degree and those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (107 Index, rank 25/27 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the proportional difference in earnings between 25-64 year-old men with a short-cycle tertiary education degree and those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is low. (107 Index, rank 24/28 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Earnings of foreign-born aged between 25 and 64 who work full- and part-time with a short cycle tertiary education are comparatively low. (108 Index, rank 24/28 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    (9.3 %, rank 10/38 , 2018) Download Indicator

    (7.1 %, rank 10/37 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Social outcomes

    In Israel, the proportion of adults who reported being interested in politics is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (69.5 %, rank 7/28 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Israel, the proportion of adults with an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education who reported being interested in politics is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (68.8 %, rank 5/28 , 2018) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • While 37% of 15-19 year-old upper secondary students are in vocational programmes, the share increases to 61% among students over 25.
    • The most popular fields of study among vocational graduates vary at different levels of education. While engineering, manufacturing and construction is the most common broad field at upper secondary level, at short-cycle tertiary level, most students graduate from business, administration and law, or health and welfare.
    • Combined school and work-based learning can help students transition smootly into the labor market.  However, only one -third of all upper secondary vocational students are enrolled in school and work-based programmes on average across OECD countries.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | Education policies: Access and Participation  | What characterises upper secondary vocational education and training? | 
    
                            
    
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    • Between the age of 3 to 5, 88% of children are enrolled in pre-primary and primary education, on average across OECD countries.
    • The estimated expenditure on all children aged 3 to 5 enrolled in ECEC and primary education amounts to an average of 0.6% of GDP. Only in Iceland and Norway does it equal or exceed 1.0%.
    • The ECEC workforce is at the heart of high-quality education. On average across OECD countries, there are 14 children  for every teacher working in pre-primary education (ISCED 02).

    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation - Early Childhood Education | Starting Strong 2017: Key OECD Indicators on Early Childhood Education and Care | Starting Strong V: Transitions from Early Childhood Education and Care to Primary Education | Who bears the cost of early childhood education and how does it affect enrolment? | Access to early childhood and the participation of women in the labour market | 
    
                            
    
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    • In 2019, 45% of 25-34 year-olds held a tertiary degree, compared to 28%  among 55-64 year-olds, on average across OECD countries.
    • On average across OECD countries, 17% of first-time tertiary entrants enter short-cycle tertiary programmes. The employment rate of adults with a short-cycle tertiary degree is 4 percentage points higher than those with an upper secondary vocational attainment and they earn 16% more, on average across OECD countries.
    • Based on current patterns, it is estimated that 38% of young adults across OECD countries will graduate from tertiary education for the first time before the age of 30 (excluding international students).
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation - Tertiary | What are the choices facing first-time entrants to tertiary education? | How does socio-economic status influence entry into tertiary education? | 
    
                            
    
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    • In 2017, total expenditure amounted to approximately USD 9 100 per student in primary institutions and USD 10 500  in secondary institutions on average across OECD countries.
    • After increasing  between 2005 and 2012, total expenditure on primary to tertiary institutions as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) has fallen to 4.9% in 2017 on average, below its 2005 value of  5.1%. This is due to educational expenditure rising more slowly than GDP over this period, growing by 17%  while GDP grew by 27%.
    • Private sources financed more than 30% of the expenditure, on average, at tertiary level compared to 10% at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level.

    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | How has private expenditure on tertiary education evolved over time and how does it affect participation in education? | How much would it cost to reduce class size by one student? | 
    
                            
    
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    • There are relatively few young teachers (under the age of 30), and the proportion decreases with the level of education. Young teachers make up 12% of the teaching population  in primary education, 10%  in lower secondary education and 8%  in upper secondary education, on average across OECD countries.
    • While instruction time for students increases at higher educational levels, statutory teaching time in public institutions decreases: teachers in OECD countries and economies are required to teach on average 778 hours per year  at primary level compared to 680 hours  at upper secondary level (general programmes).
    • Between 2005 and 2019, the statutory salaries of primary and secondary general teachers - with 15 years of experience and the most prevalent qualifications - increased by 2-3%, despite salaries falling after the 2008 economic crisis, on average across OECD countries and economies with available data.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | Teachers' salaries evolution and how they compare to those of tertiary-educated workers | How do primary and secondary teachers compare? | 
    
                            
    
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            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
            by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
            education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
            more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
            take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. 
            The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Some countries may have provided data refering to another year, to know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.  
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS average.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2019 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
			B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
			

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.