Country
Data profiles:
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Financial literacy (PISA 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2017) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Overview of the education system (EAG 2022) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Student performance (PISA 2018) |
| Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Profile View
Select first some countries to compare, choose the charts you wish to display and customise them.
Attainment
The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (65.5 %, rank 1/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14 %, rank 42/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (77.6 %, rank 1/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.4 %, rank 43/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.9 %, rank 44/44 , 2021) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.5 %, rank 40/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.7 %, rank 43/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (3.7 %, rank 2/37 , 2021) Download Indicator
The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.8 %, rank 1/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.4 %, rank 42/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
In India, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (5.8 %, rank 2/34 , 2021) Download Indicator
Attainment by gender
The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.6 %, rank 42/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in India is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (61.2 %, rank 1/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in India is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (69.7 %, rank 1/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.8 %, rank 42/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.3 %, rank 42/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.6 %, rank 43/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
Participation in education
The enrolment rate of 6-14 year-olds in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (90.1 %, rank 42/43 , 2020) Download Indicator
The proportion of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.2 %, rank 41/42 , 2020) Download Indicator
The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.8 %, rank 33/37 , 2020) Download Indicator
The enrolment rate of 25-29 year-olds in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 42/42 , 2020) Download Indicator
The percentage of 3-5 year-old children in early childhood and primary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (72.2 %, rank 33/37 , 2020) Download Indicator
In India, the enrolment rate of children under 3 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 34/37 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of upper secondary 15-19-year-old students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 40/41 , 2020) Download Indicator
The enrolment rate of students aged 17 in vocational upper secondary programmes in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.3 %, rank 37/38 , 2020) Download Indicator
The enrolment rate of students aged 18 in vocational upper secondary programmes in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.8 %, rank 36/38 , 2020) Download Indicator
Graduation by gender
In India, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30.5 %, rank 1/40 , 2020) Download Indicator
In India, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively large. (25.8 %, rank 1/41 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively low in India. (3.1 %, rank 40/41 , 2020) Download Indicator
Graduation by field of education
The proportion of female tertiary graduates in health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (4.8 %, rank 40/40 , 2020) Download Indicator
The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16 %, rank 1/40 , 2020) Download Indicator
The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 40/40 , 2020) Download Indicator
The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of services is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.3 %, rank 37/40 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of doctoral graduates in the field of health and welfare in India is relatively small. (4.2 %, rank 38/42 , 2020) Download Indicator
Student mobility
India has one of the smallest proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 43/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
In India, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.2 %, rank 41/43 , 2020) Download Indicator
In India, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.1 %, rank 42/43 , 2020) Download Indicator
Expenditure per student
At primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level, the public expenditure on public educational institutions per full-time equivalent student is comparatively low in India. (1554 USD Equivalent, rank 38/38 , 2019) Download Indicator
Public and private expenditure in education
In India, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (14.5 %, rank 3/42 , 2019) Download Indicator
Compared to 2015, the share of total government expenditure is comparatively high in India. (136 Index, rank 4/42 , 2019) Download Indicator
Who the teachers are
The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.4 %, rank 42/43 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of women among teaching staff in lower secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.1 %, rank 39/40 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (43.6 %, rank 41/42 , 2020) Download Indicator
Ratio of student to teaching staff
The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.2 Ratio, rank 3/33 , 2020) Download Indicator
In India, the number of students per teacher in public lower secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.5 Ratio, rank 5/40 , 2020) Download Indicator
The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in private institutions is especially high in India. (16.7 Ratio, rank 5/39 , 2020) Download Indicator
In India, the number of students per teacher in all public secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.4 Ratio, rank 5/40 , 2020) Download Indicator
In India, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.5 Ratio, rank 4/37 , 2020) Download Indicator
In India, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (39.6 Ratio, rank 1/35 , 2020) Download Indicator
Employment and educational attainment
The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (64.4 %, rank 38/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (61.4 %, rank 43/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (64.3 %, rank 35/35 , 2021) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (54.3 %, rank 43/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in India. (58.8 %, rank 41/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in India. (54.3 %, rank 43/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
In India, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (34.3 %, rank 1/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (32.3 %, rank 1/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in India. (54.2 %, rank 27/27 , 2021) Download Indicator
In India, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (32.6 %, rank 1/12 , 2021) Download Indicator
In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (28.3 %, rank 1/30 , 2021) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is relatively low in India. (62.2 %, rank 43/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (31.2 %, rank 1/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (33 %, rank 2/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
Employment by gender and educational attainment
The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in India. (95.3 %, rank 1/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (76.2 %, rank 40/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in India. (27.6 %, rank 37/41 , 2021) Download Indicator
The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in India. (20.7 %, rank 42/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
Unemployment and educational attainment
The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively low. (1.8 %, rank 41/41 , 2021) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (18 %, rank 3/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (0.7 %, rank 42/42 , 2021) Download Indicator
The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (9.6 %, rank 5/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is high in India. (33.8 %, rank 1/43 , 2021) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in India. (17.4 %, rank 3/41 , 2021) Download Indicator
Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in India. (19.6 %, rank 1/11 , 2021) Download Indicator
Participation in education by gender
The share of women among tertiary education new entrants is one of the smallest compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (48.4 %, rank 37/38 , 2020) Download Indicator
General findings
- Tertiary attainment has increased strongly in most OECD countries among 25-34 year olds. The average share of younger adults with a tertiary degree has increased from 27% in 2000 to 48% in 2021.
- Higher educational attainment leads to better labour-market outcomes including higher wages and higher employment rates.
- Expenditure on tertiary education accounts for 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) on average across OECD countries or 30% of all education funding allocated to educational institutions.
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- Tertiary attainment has increased strongly in most OECD countries among 25-34 year-olds. The average share of younger adults with a tertiary degree has increased from 27% in 2000 to 48% in 2021. In this age group, the share of individuals with tertiary attainment is 7 percentage points higher than the share of individuals with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment on average across OECD countries. If current trends continue, a tertiary education will be the most common attainment among working-age adults on average across OECD countries within a few years.
- Higher educational attainment leads to better labour-market outcomes. In 2021, on average, employment rates for tertiary-educated young adults (25-34 year-olds) are 8 percentage points higher than those who have attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education and 26 percentage points higher than those who have attained below upper secondary education across OECD countries.
- Greater educational attainment yields better earnings and this holds true for higher levels of tertiary attainment in most countries. On average across the OECD, full-time full-year workers who attained short-cycle tertiary education earned 20% more than those with upper secondary attainment in 2020. This earnings advantage increases to 44% among those who attained a bachelor's or equivalent qualification and to 88% among those with a master's or doctoral or equivalent degree.
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- On average, the vast majority (88%) of children between the age of 3 and 5 are enrolled in early childhood education (ECE) across the OECD. In a few countries, it is also common for younger children between the age of 0 and 2 to participate in ECE and over 50% of children in this age group are enrolled. However, only 27% of under-threes are enrolled in ECE on average across the OECD.
- In almost all countries with available data, the majority of upper secondary graduates from general programmes are women. Men dominate graduation from vocational programmes in almost three-quarters of the countries.
- While the average age of first-time graduates from general upper secondary education does not differ much across countries, the difference widens in vocational education, ranging from 16 to 34 years.
- Around one-fifth of tertiary students are enrolled on a part-time basis, but large differences exist across OECD countries. Studying part-time is especially common in many Nordic countries, Australia, New Zealand and the United States, where more than 30% of students study part-time. However, in some countries like the Czech Republic, and Greece, less than 5% of students study part-time.
- Students are more likely to cross borders to pursue their studies as they reach more advanced levels of education. Internationally mobile students account for only 7% of bachelor's students, but 17% of master's students and 26% of doctoral students on average in OECD countries.
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- Total public spending on education (from primary to tertiary level) averages 10.6% of total government expenditure across OECD countries, from around 7% to 17%. The largest share of government funding is devoted to primary and secondary levels, explained by near-universal enrolment rates at those levels of education and the greater contribution of private sources at tertiary level.
- On average across OECD countries, expenditure on primary education amounts to 30% of the funding for educational institutions, while secondary education accounts for 39%.
- In 2019, OECD countries spent an average of USD 17 559 per student per year at the tertiary level. However, this average is driven up by high values in a few countries, reaching over USD 25 000 in Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
- On average across OECD countries, 63% of total expenditure on tertiary educational institutions goes to core services (e.g. teachers' salaries, school buildings, teaching materials and administration), 33% on research and development activities, and 4% on ancillary services (e.g. meals and transport).
- Expenditure on tertiary education accounts for 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) on average across OECD countries or 30% of all education funding allocated to educational institutions.
- On average across OECD countries, public funds account for 83% of total spending on educational institutions. Private sources are more important at the tertiary level, where they make up 31% of all expenditure compared to just 10% at the non-tertiary levels (primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary).
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- Teachers' actual salaries at pre-primary, primary and general secondary level are 4-14% lower than the earnings of tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries and other participants. School heads' actual salaries are substantially higher than those of teachers across primary and secondary education.
- Teachers in public schools in OECD and partner countries are required to teach on average 987 hours per year at pre-primary level, 784 hours at primary level, 711 hours at lower secondary level (general programmes) and 684 hours at upper secondary level (general and vocational programmes).
- Typically, the duration of initial teacher education programmes varies from 3 years to 6.5 years, for prospective lower secondary teachers of general subjects. A tertiary qualification is awarded upon completion of the programme in most countries, regardless of the level of education at which the teacher will teach.
- Continuing professional development is compulsory to some extent for teachers of general subjects at least at one level of education in most countries with data, except Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands and New Zealand. It can be either generally compulsory for all teachers as a regular part of their work, or for some teachers for specific purposes such as promotion or salary increases, or in some cases, both.
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to display other variables
to display other variables
to display other variables
All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Annex 3 of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.