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India
Overview of the education system (EAG 2024)
| Education at a Glance 2024 | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2024 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | Ministry of Human Resource Development | District Information System for Education | Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation |
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The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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Attainment

The level of upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.8 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (39.1 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.5 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (60.9 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (75.2 %, rank 1/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.5 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.2 %, rank 46/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.1 %, rank 43/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.7 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

India has one of the highest percentages of 25-64 year-old adults with less than primary education. (30.4 %, rank 1/34 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.5 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.8 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

Attainment by gender

The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.8 %, rank 45/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.8 %, rank 47/47 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 25-64 year-old men who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29.6 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (42.9 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 35-44 year-old men who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 45-54 year-old men who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.6 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 55-64 year-old men who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.7 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.1 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35.4 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 35-44 year-old women who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.1 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 45-54 year-old women who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.4 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 55-64 year-old women who have attained at least upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.6 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 35-44 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.2 %, rank 45/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 45-54 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.6 %, rank 45/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 55-64 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.7 %, rank 45/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.4 %, rank 44/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 35-44 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.1 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 45-54 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.4 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The proportion of 55-64 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.9 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in India is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (57.1 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in India is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (64.6 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-64 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in India is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (70.4 %, rank 1/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in India is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (79.9 %, rank 1/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.8 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 55-64 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 55-64 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 25-34 years-old women with at least a bachelor's or equivalent degree in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (21.4 %, rank 43/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The share of 55-64 years-old women with at least a bachelor's or equivalent degree in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (3.9 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

Participation in education

The enrolment rate of 6-14 year-olds in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (92.7 %, rank 42/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

The proportion of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.5 %, rank 43/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.7 %, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (47.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

The enrolment rate of 25-29 year-olds in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 45/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, the percentage of female students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (23.8 %, rank 43/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

The percentage of 3-5 year-old children in early childhood and primary education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (65 %, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, the enrolment rate of children under 3 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 37/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

The share of upper secondary 15-19-year-old students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.4 %, rank 41/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

The enrolment rate of students aged 17 in vocational upper secondary programmes in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.6 %, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

India has one of the smallest shares of lower secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes. (0.2 %, rank 21/23 , 2022) Download Indicator

(100 %, rank 1/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary programmes in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33.6 %, rank 44/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in upper secondary vocational programmes in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.1 %, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

The percentage of two-year-olds in early childhood education in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 37/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

The percentage of four-year-olds in pre-primary in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (47.3 %, rank 41/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

The percentage of four-year-olds in primary education in India is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31.9 %, rank 1/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

The percentage of five-year-olds in ECEC in India is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (46.5 %, rank 36/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

The percentage of five-year-olds in primary education in India is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (44.9 %, rank 5/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

Graduation by field of education

In India, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (23.4 %, rank 1/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.6 %, rank 42/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.4 %, rank 44/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of services is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 42/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

Student mobility

India has one of the smallest proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 44/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, international or foreign students from Latin America and the Caribbean are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.2 %, rank 39/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, international or foreign students from Europe are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.1 %, rank 40/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, international or foreign students from Africa are highest represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.2 %, rank 4/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.1 %, rank 43/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.1 %, rank 43/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

(0.1 %, rank 46/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

Government and private expenditure in education

The share of public expenditure on tertiary educational institutions is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.5 %, rank 2/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

In India, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (13.2 %, rank 3/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

In India, total public expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (3.1 %, rank 3/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

Who the teachers are

The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.7 %, rank 44/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

The share of women among teaching staff in lower secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.8 %, rank 39/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

The share of women among teaching staff in upper secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (44.5 %, rank 42/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

Ratio of student to teaching staff

The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25.3 Ratio, rank 5/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (28.2 Ratio, rank 2/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially high. (19.5 Ratio, rank 5/41 , 2022) Download Indicator

The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level is especially high. (22.2 Ratio, rank 2/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

In India, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (44.5 Ratio, rank 2/41 , 2022) Download Indicator

Employment and educational attainment

The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (65.5 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (57.9 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in India. (63.6 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (56.1 %, rank 45/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (75.8 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (78.2 %, rank 45/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in India. (57.9 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

Employment by gender and educational attainment

The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (65.5 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (68.3 %, rank 42/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men without upper secondary education is comparatively high. (92.6 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (31.7 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low. (34.3 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in India. (94.9 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (83.2 %, rank 42/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (29.6 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in India. (28 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (70.8 %, rank 42/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (22 %, rank 46/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in India. (15.6 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

Unemployment and educational attainment

The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively low. (2 %, rank 42/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (14.4 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively low. (1.1 %, rank 40/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (0.3 %, rank 42/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (0.6 %, rank 39/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (1.3 %, rank 44/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (7.9 %, rank 3/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (7.9 %, rank 3/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in India. (14.4 %, rank 2/41 , 2023) Download Indicator

Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old men without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (1.4 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old women without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (1.2 %, rank 42/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively low in India. (2.2 %, rank 40/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively high in India. (11.8 %, rank 2/42 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in India. (1.7 %, rank 40/40 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively high in India. (21.8 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively low in India. (1.3 %, rank 36/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in India. (0.5 %, rank 37/37 , 2023) Download Indicator

The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively low in India. (0.8 %, rank 37/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

Inactivity and educational attainment

The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is high in India. (32.4 %, rank 1/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (32.4 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (28.9 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (28.9 %, rank 1/46 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (29.7 %, rank 2/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively low compared to other countries with available data. (3 %, rank 43/43 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively low compared to other countries with available data. (6.1 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (69.8 %, rank 1/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (66.9 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (2.9 %, rank 43/44 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (4.7 %, rank 45/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively high. (62.1 %, rank 1/45 , 2023) Download Indicator

In India, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively high. (60.4 %, rank 1/46 , 2023) Download Indicator


The data table will display up to six selected countries.
General findings

                        

                            

                                
  • Educational and labour-market outcomes for young adults at risk of falling behind have improved. Since 2016, the share of 18-24 year-olds not in employment, education or training has fallen from 16% to 14% on average across the OECD. At the same time, the share of 25-34 year-olds without an upper secondary qualification has decreased from 17% to 14%.

  • Job opportunities have also improved: the employment rate among 25-34 year-olds without an upper secondary qualification has risen from 59% to 61%, and for those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment, it has increased from 76% to 79%.

  • Educational outcomes are transmitted across generations. Inequalities start early and persist through all stages of the education system. In countries with available data, children from low-income families are on average 18 percentage points less likely to be enrolled in early childhood education and care before the age of 3.

  • Students who start an upper secondary programme are 19 percentage points less likely to successfully complete their studies if their parents have not attained upper secondary education than their peers with parents who have a tertiary qualification, and this gap is 13 percentage points for those starting a bachelor’s programmes.

  • These disadvantages result in very different levels of educational attainment. While 72% of adults who have at least one parent with a tertiary qualification have also obtained a tertiary qualification, only 19% of those whose parents have not completed upper secondary education have tertiary attainment.

  • Public expenditure on early childhood education measured as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 9% between 2015 and 2021, significantly more than for other levels of education. Enrolment rates in early childhood education have also continued to rise across all age groups. On average across the OECD, 83% of children aged 3-5 are enrolled in pre-primary education, up from 79% in 2013.

                            

                            

                                | Equity in education and on the labour market | Education policies: Equity | Education policies: Gender | Education policies: Socio-economic status | Education policies: Migrant background | 

                            

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  • 	In almost all countries with available data, the share of younger adults (25-34 year-olds) without an upper secondary qualification has fallen since 2016 and for Costa Rica, Mexico, Portugal and Türkiye these declines have been in double digits in percentage-point terms. This means many more younger adults will have the opportunity to succeed in the labour market.

  • 	On average across OECD countries, the share of women with at least a bachelor's or equivalent degree has almost doubled in a generation: going from 24% among 55-64 year-olds to 47% among 25-34 year-olds, reflecting a substantial increase in educational attainment.

  • 	In most OECD countries, the share of 18-24 year-olds who are neither employed nor in formal education or training (NEET) has decreased between 2016 and 2023. Costa Rica and Lithuania are exceptions, having experienced a rise above 3 percentage points in the share over this period.

  • 	Employment rates for younger adults (25-34 year-olds) slightly improved in most countries between 2016 and 2023, irrespective of their educational attainment level. However, the gap in employment rates between younger adults with below upper secondary attainment and those with tertiary attainment has widened in more than half of OECD, partner and/or accession countries with comparable data for both years.

  • 	In OECD countries, workers who have not attained upper secondary education earn, on average, 18% less than those who have attained this level of education. Meanwhile, workers with a tertiary education earn, on average, 56% more than those with only an upper secondary education.

                            

                            

                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 

                            

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  • 	Most children aged 3 to 5 (84%) attend early childhood education (ECE) programmes across the OECD, yet only 32% of those aged 0 to 2 are enrolled in early childhood educational development programmes (ISCED 01) on average. Younger children from low-income families are least likely to attend these programmes, despite being likely to benefit the most.

  • 	Since 2013, 12 countries have extended the length of compulsory education at either pre-primary or upper secondary level. As enrolment rates in the years before and after compulsory education are already generally high, these measures often aim to increase enrolment among disadvantaged groups, where rates are lower.

  • 	The vast majority of primary students are enrolled in public institutions, averaging 85% across OECD countries. In some countries, government-dependent private institutions are prevalent, which often function in similar ways to public institutions.

  • 	Gender disparities at the upper secondary level affect students’ pathways in the labour market and higher education. On average, 51% of graduates from upper secondary general programmes are female, but in vocational programmes female only make up 46% of graduates.

  • 	Family background strongly influences success in upper secondary education. In all countries with available data, students whose parents have lower educational attainment have substantially lower completion rates than students with a tertiary-educated parent. Completion rates for students with immigrant backgrounds are also lower than for non-immigrant students.

  • 	On average, women are over-represented in tertiary education, but they remain under-represented in some fields. Only 15% of female new entrants at tertiary level choose a science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) field, compared to 41% of male new entrants. In contrast, only 4% of male entrants opted for the field of education and 8% for health and welfare, shares which have not changed since 2015.

                            

                            

                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 

                            

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  • 	Expenditure per student increases with the educational level in nearly all OECD countries, although by how much varies substantially among countries. On average, expenditure per student amounts to about USD 11 900 at primary level, USD 13 300 at secondary level and USD 20 500 at tertiary level.

  • 	OECD countries spend, on average, the equivalent of 4.9% of their gross domestic product (GDP) (over USD 3.5 trillion in total) on educational institutions from primary to tertiary levels (including tertiary research and development). Iceland, Israel, Norway and the United Kingdom invest over 6% of their national output into education.

  • 	Private sources play a much more important role in funding tertiary education, relative to government sources, than at lower levels. On average, private sources of funding amount to 0.3% of GDP for primary to post-secondary non-tertiary institutions, with a similar percentage for tertiary institutions. In contrast, government funding amounts to 3.2% of GDP for primary to post-secondary non-tertiary institutions, well above the 1.0% of GDP that governments spend on tertiary institutions.

  • 	On average, across OECD countries, the government is the primary source of funding for both public and private primary schools. For public institutions, the government covers nearly all expenditure, amounting to about USD 11 900 per student, while it accounts for less than 60% of the costs for private ones, roughly USD 7 900 per student, on average. However, these figure vary considerably across countries. 

  • 	Tuition fees for bachelor's degrees vary considerably from country to country. In one-third of the countries and other participants with data, public institutions either offer tuition-free education to national students or charge less than USD 1 100 per year in fees. In another third of countries, annual tuition fees are relatively modest, averaging between USD 1 400 and USD 3 100 per student. In the remaining countries, fees are considerably higher, exceeding USD 4 500 per year.

                            

                            

                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 

                            

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  • 	Between 2013 and 2022, the ratio of children to teaching staff at pre-primary level fell across most countries, from 16:1 to 15:1 on average in OECD countries, due to fewer enrolled children and more teachers. In some countries, however, the ratio has increased due to rising child enrolment and teacher shortages.

  • 	In most OECD countries, the salaries of teachers increase with the level of education they teach. On average across OECD countries and other participants, the salaries of teachers with the most prevalent qualifications with 15 years of experience range from USD 52 631 at pre-primary level to USD 60 803 at upper secondary level.

  • 	Between 2015 and 2023, the statutory salaries of teachers at primary and secondary levels increased by 28-29% in nominal terms on average across OECD countries. When adjusted for changes in prices, the rise in real salaries was much smaller, at 4-5%.

  • 	Based on official regulations or agreements, teachers in public schools in OECD countries and other participants are required to teach on average 1 007 hours per year at pre-primary level, 773 hours at primary level, 706 hours at lower secondary level (general programmes) and 679 hours at upper secondary level (general programmes). 

  • 	Of the 21 countries with available data, 18 reported that they faced teacher shortages at the start of the 2022/23 academic year, with only Greece, Korea and Türkiye not reporting any shortages.

  • 	The ageing of the teaching workforce is more pronounced in secondary schools than in primary education. On average across OECD countries, the share of older teachers (aged 50 and over) increases with the education level: from 34% in primary education to 36% in lower secondary and 41% in upper secondary education.

                            

                            

                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 

                            

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				Key
            

            Diagram of funding flows - India
            

            

        



        
		

            

			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			

				Key
            

            Country Reviews for India
            

            

			

        

		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        

            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
            by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
            education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
            more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
            take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.

            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. 
            The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
            


			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.  
			


	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
            


			B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
			


            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.