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Türkiye
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Data profiles:


Türkiye
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018)
  • Teaching was the first-choice career for 65% of teachers in Türkiye and for 67% in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. In terms of why they joined the profession, at least 98% of teachers in Türkiye cite the opportunity to influence children's development or contribute to society as a major motivation.
  • Less than one out of ten of teachers (6%) in Türkiye are aged 50 and above (OECD average 34%). This means that Türkiye will have to renew less than one out of ten members of its teaching workforce over the next decade or so.
  • In terms of classroom environments, relations between students and teachers are positive overall, with 93% of teachers in Türkiye agreeing that students and teachers usually get on well with each other. However, 13% of principals report regular acts of intimidation or bullying among their students, which is not significantly different from the OECD average (14%).
  • In Türkiye, 10% of teachers work in schools where at least 10% of the students have a migrant background (OECD average 17%). At the same time, 94% of school leaders report that their teachers believe that children and young people should learn that people of different cultures have a lot in common (OECD average 95%).
  • In Türkiye, 26% of teachers "agree" or "strongly agree" with the statement that their profession is valued in society, which is the same as the average across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. (26%).
  • In Türkiye, 7% of teachers report experiencing stress in their work "a lot", which is lower than the OECD average (18%).
  • 29% of teachers report participating in collaborative professional learning at least once a month (OECD average 21%) and 23% engage in team teaching with the same frequency (OECD average 28%).
  • In Türkiye, 13% of teachers report that they had never received feedback in their schools (OECD average 10%). The forms of feedback most commonly used in Türkiye are based on observation of the teacher's classroom teaching, external results of students the teacher teaches and school-based and classroom-based results.
    • | Country Note | Country Note (primary education) | Country Note (upper secondary education) | TALIS 2018 (Volume I): Teachers and School Leaders as Lifelong Learners | TALIS 2018 Results (Volume II): Teachers and School Leaders as Valued Professionals | Teachers Getting the Best out of Their Students from Primary to Upper Secondary Education | TALIS 2018 Conceptual Framework | Education policies: Teachers  |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    School climate

    In Türkiye, a small number of teachers 'agree' or 'strongly agree' that teachers and students usually get on well with each other. (93.4 %, rank 47/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    Compared to other TALIS countries, a smaller proportion of teachers in Türkiye are female. (55.8 %, rank 46/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers are on average younger than teachers in most other TALIS countries. (35.5 Years, rank 50/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    On average, teachers in Türkiye have spent less years teaching than teachers in most other TALIS countries. (10.9 Years, rank 50/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, less teachers are aged 50 and above relative to other TALIS countries. (6.3 %, rank 49/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' age in primary education is relatively young in Türkiye compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (39.7 Years, rank 11/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of teachers aged 50 or above in primary education is comparatively small. (18.6 %, rank 11/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In primary education, the total number of years working in other non-educational roles in Türkiye is one of the shortest among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 Years, rank 12/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the teachers in primary education worked a similar number of years in other non-educational roles compared to those lower secondary level. (-0.2 Years, rank 2/8 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female teachers in primary education is relatively small. (62.5 %, rank 13/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female teachers is one of the smallest in primary compared to lower secondary education. (6.6 % points, rank 13/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' age in upper secondary education is relatively young in Türkiye compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (39.4 Years, rank 11/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of teachers aged 50 and above in upper secondary education is especially low. (14.9 %, rank 11/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the total number of years working as a teacher in upper secondary education is relatively short. (14.1 Years, rank 12/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the total number of years working in other non-educational roles in Türkiye is one of the shortest among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.1 Years, rank 11/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the number of years teachers worked in other non-educational roles is similar in upper secondary compared to lower secondary level. (0.3 Years, rank 8/8 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of female teachers in upper secondary education is especially low. (51.7 %, rank 11/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the difference in the share of female teachers is one of the smallest in upper secondary compared to lower secondary education. (-4.1 % points, rank 2/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of female teachers in upper secondary level who teaches STEM is one of the smallest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.7 %, rank 9/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of male teachers in upper secondary level who teaches STEM is one of the lowest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.6 %, rank 11/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of male teachers who teaches VET at upper secondary level is relatively low in Türkiye. (15.8 %, rank 9/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Who the principals are

    Compared to other TALIS countries, a smaller proportion of principals in Türkiye are female. (7.2 %, rank 48/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Principals in Türkiye are on average younger than principals in most other TALIS countries. (43.1 Years, rank 48/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of female principals in primary education is one of the smallest in Türkiye. (8.2 %, rank 14/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female principals in upper secondary education is one of the lowest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.9 %, rank 12/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Initial and induction training of teachers

    A small share of teachers in primary education were instructed on subject content, pedagogy and classroom practice in Türkiye. (79.9 %, rank 11/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers in Türkiye having received instruction on subject content, pedagogy and classroom practice is similar or less in primary compared to lower secondary education. (3.6 % points, rank 8/11 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of primary education teachers who participated in some kind of induction at their current school is one of the lowest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.9 %, rank 11/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers in primary education who received formal training in facilitating transitions is one of the highest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (68.9 %, rank 3/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A large share of teachers in primary education feel well prepared in facilitating transitions in Türkiye. (68.6 %, rank 3/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of primary education teachers who received formal training in facilitating play is especially high . (78.3 %, rank 4/13 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of primary education teachers who feel prepared in facilitating play is relatively large in Türkiye. (79 %, rank 3/13 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers in Türkiye that have received instruction on subject content, pedagogy and classroom practice is more (in Alberta, Canada) or slightly less in upper secondary than in lower secondary education. (-5.5 % points, rank 3/10 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of upper secondary teachers who participated in some kind of induction at their current school is one of the lowest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.8 %, rank 12/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the difference in teachers who participated in some kind of induction at their current school is one of the smallest in upper secondary compared to lower secondary level. (2.6 % points, rank 8/8 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A small share of upper secondary teachers teach social sciences with training in the subject in Türkiye. (77.9 %, rank 9/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Principals' formal training

    A larger proportion of principals reported that school administration or principal training programme or course elements were never included in their initial formal education or training. (32.3 %, rank 3/48 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Professional development of teachers

    A small percentage of teachers participated in peer and/or self-observation and coaching as part of a formal school arrangement in the 12 months prior to the survey. (21.5 %, rank 46/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of novice teachers in primary education who have an assigned mentor is relatively low. (14.6 %, rank 12/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of primary education teachers who attended at least one professional development activity in the last year is especially small in Türkiye. (95.2 %, rank 10/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of principals in primary education who attended at least one professional development activity in the last year is especially small in Türkiye. (95.4 %, rank 13/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of upper secondary teachers who attended at least one professional development activity in the last year is especially low. (92.1 %, rank 10/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, a higher percentage of teachers attended at least one professional development activity in the last year in upper secondary compared to lower secondary education. (-1.5 % points, rank 2/2 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The share of principals in upper secondary education who attended at least one professional development activity in the last year is especially small in Türkiye. (94.7 %, rank 12/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' practices

    Teachers report spending less individual time planning and preparing lessons. (3.4 Hours/week, rank 50/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers report spending less hours per week marking and correcting work. (2.3 Hours/week, rank 50/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Compared to other TALIS countries, class-time spent on classroom management is longer. (18 %, rank 4/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, a high percentage of teachers in primary education who report frequently or always explaining to their students what they expect them to learn. (90.1 %, rank 4/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In primary education, the share of teachers who report that they frequently or always ask students to decide on their own procedures for solving complex tasks is especially important in Türkiye. (59.4 %, rank 4/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of class time spent on keeping order in the classroom in primary education is one of the largest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner countries. (18.5 %, rank 2/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, a small proportion of teachers in primary education report that maintaining classroom discipline is a source of stress. (31.2 %, rank 11/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of teachers in primary school reporting a high need for professional development in student behavior and classroom management is especially low in Türkiye. (6.8 %, rank 13/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Principals' practices

    Principals report spending shorter time on leadership tasks and meetings. (15.1 %, rank 49/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' autonomy, collegiality and collaboration

    A low percentage of principals report that teachers in Türkiye have significant responsibility for the majority of tasks concerning school policies, instruction and curriculum. (4.3 %, rank 47/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A large share of upper secondary teachers report engaging in collaborative professional learning at least once a month in Türkiye. (27.2 %, rank 4/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of upper secondary teachers who report engaging in discussion about the learning development of specific students at least once a month is relatively small. (36.2 %, rank 10/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the difference in the percentage of teachers who report engaging in discussions about the learning development of specific students is one of the largest in upper secondary compared to lower secondary education. (-6.6 % points, rank 7/9 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers who report that they can rely on each other is one of the lowest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner countries with available data. (76.4 %, rank 12/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of teachers who report that they can rely on each other is smaller in upper secondary compared to lower secondary education. (-6.1 % points, rank 7/9 , 2018) Download Indicator

    ICT for teaching

    In Türkiye, less teachers report a high level of need for professional development aimed at developing their ICT skills for teaching. (7.5 %, rank 48/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A large share of primary education teachers feel well prepared in using ICT for teaching in Türkiye. (71.5 %, rank 2/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of teachers in primary education who report that they frequently or always let students use ICT for projects or class work is one of the highest in Türkiye among all OECD and partner economies with available data. (56.8 %, rank 3/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of primary education teachers who report a high need for professional development in using ICT for teaching is relatively low. (7.7 %, rank 14/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of upper secondary teachers who received formal training in using ICT for teaching is relatively high . (68 %, rank 4/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of upper secondary teachers who feel well prepared in using ICT for teaching is relatively high . (67.7 %, rank 3/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of upper secondary teachers who report a high need for professional development in using ICT for teaching is relatively . (7.4 %, rank 12/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the percentage of principals who report that the delivery of quality instruction is hindered by a shortage of teachers with competence in teaching students with special needs is more important in upper secondary compared to lower secondary education. (-10.1 % points, rank 2/2 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teaching students with special needs

    In Türkiye, the proportion of primary education teachers reporting a high need for professional development in teaching special needs students is especially small. (16.2 %, rank 12/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Modifying lessons for students with special needs is a source of stress for a share of primary education teachers in Türkiye. (20.6 %, rank 11/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teaching in vocational education and training

    In Türkiye, the percentage of upper secondary teachers in non-VET schools who reported that their initial training included all the areas of content, pedagogy and classroom practice is especially low. (70.1 %, rank 9/11 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of non-VET teachers in upper secondary education who report that they frequently or always ask students to decide on their own procedures for solving complex tasks is relatively large in Türkiye. (52.8 %, rank 4/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Classroom management

    In Türkiye, the proportion of teachers who felt "well prepared" or "very well prepared" for student behaviour and classroom management is higher. (87.6 %, rank 4/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' satisfaction with their jobs

    The proportion of teachers who report being satisfied with their salary at primary level is especially small in Türkiye. (27.3 %, rank 12/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, teachers reported being less satisfied with their salary in primary compared to lower secondary education. (-4.8 % points, rank 7/8 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of primary education teachers who report being satisfied with the terms of their teaching contract apart from salary is relatively small. (56.5 %, rank 12/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In primary education, the share of teachers reporting there is a collaborative culture characterised by mutual support is smaller in Türkiye compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (78.9 %, rank 14/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In primary education, a low percentage of teachers in Türkiye report that they experience a lot of stress in their work. (6.5 %, rank 13/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The proportion of primary education teachers for whom having too much administrative work is a source of stress in is especially low in Türkiye. (26.9 %, rank 12/14 , 2018) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers who report being satisfied with their job is especially low in Türkiye. (88 %, rank 10/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In Türkiye, the share of upper secondary teachers who report being satisfied with the terms of their teaching contract apart from salary is relatively small. (58.8 %, rank 9/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the share of teachers reporting there is a collaborative culture characterised by mutual support is smaller in Türkiye compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (70.6 %, rank 12/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, a low percentage of teachers report that they experience a lot of stress in their work in Türkiye. (5.9 %, rank 11/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Having too much administrative work is a source of stress for a small share of upper secondary teachers in Türkiye. (33.9 %, rank 12/12 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Principals' satisfaction with their jobs

    A smaller proportion of principals are satisfied with their job relative to most other TALIS countries. (83.3 %, rank 49/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    A relatively low share of principals, apart from their salary, are satisfied with the terms of their teaching contract/employment. (33.7 %, rank 48/49 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers' engagement, motivation and drive

    When deciding to become a teacher, a large share of teachers report that providing a contribution to society was of 'moderate importance' or 'high importance'. (98.3 %, rank 3/50 , 2018) Download Indicator

    Teachers’ working conditions, mobility and risk of attrition

    Compared to other TALIS countries, a larger proportion of teachers in Türkiye would like to change to another school if that were possible. (36.9 %, rank 5/50 , 2018) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    •  Across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, teachers are 44 years old and principals are 52 years old, on average. Furthermore, 20% of principals across the OECD are aged 60 and above.
    •  In the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 47% of principals are women, compared to 68% of teachers.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: School leadership | 
    
                            
    
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    • In OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 65% of teachers report frequently calming students who are disruptive and 84% report frequently explaining how new and old topics are related.
    • During a typical lesson, teachers spend 78% of classroom time on actual teaching and learning, on average in the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS.
    • In the past five to ten years, classroom time spent on actual teaching and learning has decreased in about half of the countries and economies participating in TALIS.
    • 84% of teachers report having control over determining course content in their class, on average across in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. 
    • 81% of teachers say that they work in a collaborative school culture characterised by mutual support, on average in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. Furthermore, 59% of principals took actions on a regular basis to support co-operation among teachers to develop new teaching practices in the 12 months prior to the survey.
    • On average in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, only 21% of teachers report participating in collaborative professional learning at least once a month and 28% engage in team-teaching with the same frequency.
    • About half of teachers in the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS  "frequently" or "always" let students use ICT for projects or class work, but 25% of school principals report that delivery of quality instruction in their school is hindered by a shortage or inadequacy of digital technology for instruction.
    • In the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 27% of teachers work in classes with at least 10% of students with special needs (i.e. those for whom a special learning need has been formally identified because they are mentally, physically, or emotionally disadvantaged). But, 32% of school principals report that delivery of quality instruction in their school is hindered by a shortage of teachers with competence in teaching students with special needs.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher practices | Education policies: Learning time and Disciplinary climate | Education policies: Special needs | Education policies: Migrant background | Education policies: Digital divide | 
    
                            
    
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    • During their initial education and training, 79% of teachers in the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS were instructed on subject content, pedagogy and classroom. Only 42% of teachers report having participated in some kind of formal or informal induction when they joined their current school.
    • In the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, taking part in some kind of in-service training is commonplace among teachers and principals, with 94% of teachers and 99% of principals attending at least one professional development activity in the year prior to the survey.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher initial education | Education policies: Teacher professional development | Education policies: School leader preparation and development | 
    
                            
    
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    • Across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 26% of teachers "agree" or "strongly agree" with the statement that their profession is valued in society. Between 2013 and 2018, the percentage of teachers reporting that the profession is valued in society has increased in almost half of the countries and economies with available data.
    • Nine out of ten teachers and 95% of school leaders report that, all in all, they are satisfied with their job, on average in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS.
    • 39% of teachers and 47% of school leaders report being satisfied with their salaries, on average in OECD countries and economies.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher working conditions | Education policies: School leader working conditions | 
    
                            
    
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    • Across OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS, 82% of teachers have a permanent contract while 12% of teacher are employed on contracts of one year or less.
    • 18% of teachers report experiencing stress in their work "a lot", on average in OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. 49% of teachers report that having too much administrative work is a source of stress they experience at work "quite a bit" or "a lot".
    • A quarter of teachers report that they would like to leave teaching within the next five years, on average across the OECD countries and economies participating in TALIS. Furthermore, 14% of teachers age 50 or would like to leave teaching in the next five years.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher working conditions | Education policies: School leader working conditions | Education policies: Class size & Student-teacher ratio | 
    
                            
    
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    • Only 10% of teachers report that they have never received feedback in their schools. On average across the OECD, the forms of feedback most commonly used are based on classroom observations and students' school-based and classroom-based results.
    • 71% of teachers who received feedback in the 12 months prior to the survey report that it had a positive impact on their teaching practice. In all countries and economies participating in TALIS, teachers who report receiving feedback based on multiple methods are more likely to find that the feedback they received had a positive impact on their teaching.
    • The proportion of teachers who work in schools where appraisal can result in a salary increase or financial bonus is 55% in schools where school management has responsibility over salaries. In schools where school management does not have responsibility over salaries, the proportion is only 30%.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teacher appraisal | Education policies: School leader appraisal | 
    
                            
    
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    • The proportion of female teachers represents over three quarters of the primary teaching force (TALIS average 78%), which is higher than the proportion in lower secondary education of 63%. 
    • Less than half of teachers (46% on average) cited receiving formal training in facilitating transitions from early childhood education to primary education. However, a slightly smaller share of teachers (38%) said they felt well or very well prepared in this area. 
    • Thirty-seven percent (37%) of teachers report  modifying lessons for students with special needs is a source of stress "quite a bit" or "a lot" in primary in contrast to 29% in lower secondary.
    • Teachers in upper secondary education reported being involved in fewer collaborative activities than their peers in lower secondary education. Teaching jointly as a team in the same class shows significant decreases among teachers in upper secondary (5 percentage points difference). 
    • Almost a quarter of teachers (23%) in upper secondary education stated they would like to leave teaching in the next five years. Teachers satisfied with their salaries and terms of employment, and who consider the school provides opportunities to engage in discussion and has a collaborative culture are less likely to state they will leave teaching. 
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers, primary education | Education policies: School leaders, primary education | Education policies: Teachers, upper secondary education | Education policies: School leaders, upper secondary education | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Türkiye
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
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            Country Reviews for Türkiye
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
            by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
            education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
            more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
            take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. 
            The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
            

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
			B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
			

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.