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Hungary
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Hungary
Overview of the education system (EAG 2023)
  • In Hungary, 33% of 15-19 year-olds are enrolled in general upper secondary education and 34% in vocational upper secondary education. A further 3% are enrolled in lower secondary programmes and 6% in tertiary programmes. This compares to an OECD average of 37% enrolled in general upper secondary programmes, 23% in vocational upper secondary programmes, 12% in lower secondary programmes and 12% in tertiary programmes.
  • In Hungary,38% of 25-34 year-olds have a vocational education and training (VET) qualification as their highest level of attainment: 24% at upper secondary level and 13% at post-secondary non-tertiary level and 1% at short-cycle tertiary level.
  • Workers in Hungary aged 25-34 with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment earn 31% more than those without upper secondary attainment, whereas the earning advantage for workers with general upper secondary attainment is 40%.
  • In Hungary,25-34 year-old workers with bachelor's attainment earn 84% more than their peers without upper secondary attainment, while those with master's or doctoral attainment earn 123% more.
  • Across all levels from primary to tertiary education, Hungary spends USD 8612 annually per full-time equivalent student (adjusted for purchasing power and including expenditure on research and development), compared to the OECD average of USD 12 647.
  • In Hungary, in full-time equivalent terms, there are 11 students per staff member in general upper secondary programmes (OECD average: 14 students per staff member) and 9 students for every teaching staff member in vocational upper secondary programmes (OECD average: 15 students per staff member).
    • | Education at a Glance 2023 | Country Note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2023 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Hungary | Oktatáskutató és Fejleszto Intézet (Hungarian Institute for Educational Research and Development) (in English) | Központi Statisztikai Hivatal (Hungarian Central Statistical Office) (in English) | Oktatási Hivatal (in Hungarian) |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (54.9 %, rank 2/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (57.6 %, rank 4/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 31/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (12.5 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Hungary is one of the highest among countries with available data. (44.6 %, rank 5/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (2.3 %, rank 29/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (8.1 %, rank 27/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    In Hungary, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively small. (18.9 %, rank 32/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.3 %, rank 35/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in health and welfare in Hungary is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (61.5 %, rank 34/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.6 %, rank 38/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering short-cycle tertiary programmes in health and welfare in Hungary is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (9.1 %, rank 28/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of female in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of arts and humanities is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (35.1 %, rank 32/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The share of students enrolled in school- and work-based programmes among all upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/24 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 17 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Hungary is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.8 %, rank 4/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 18 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Hungary is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.6 %, rank 3/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Hungary is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (15.4 %, rank 1/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 20 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Hungary is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.2 %, rank 4/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (100 %, rank 1/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The average age of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Hungary is among the lowest. (24.7 %, rank 25/27 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary vocational programmes are proportionally more in Hungary than in the other countries. (100 %, rank 1/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (100 %, rank 1/16 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (100 %, rank 1/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Hungary has a share of short-cycle tertiary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion with access to tertiary education that is higher than other OECD and partner countries; (100 %, rank 1/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (100 %, rank 1/9 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Hungary is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.5 %, rank 3/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    In Hungary, the average age of post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (26.4 Years, rank 22/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the percentage of bachelor's or equivalent graduates in public institutions is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.6 %, rank 34/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the percentage of master's or equivalent graduates in public institutions is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26.8 %, rank 34/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of long first degree master's graduates in public institutions is relatively low in Hungary. (16.5 %, rank 25/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of doctorate graduates in public institutions is relatively low in Hungary. (25 %, rank 38/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The average age of short-cycle tertiary graduates in Hungary is among the youngest. (23.5 Years, rank 22/26 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary general programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (47.3 %, rank 41/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (33.6 %, rank 40/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.7 %, rank 40/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction in Hungary is relatively small. (10.8 %, rank 40/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.8 %, rank 2/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (61.6 %, rank 1/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in health and welfare is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (9.5 %, rank 40/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the proportion of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes in the field health and welfare is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries. (90.6 %, rank 5/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all national tertiary students in Hungary is relatively low. (2.9 %, rank 34/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of health and welfare among all national tertiary students in Hungary is relatively low. (9 %, rank 35/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of new entrants in short-cycle tertiary programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively small. (4.9 %, rank 32/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (16.4 %, rank 3/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (10.8 %, rank 33/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (18.6 %, rank 2/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies among all international or foreign tertiary students in Hungary is relatively high. (8.4 %, rank 5/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.4 %, rank 4/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of Information and communication technologies is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8 %, rank 4/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Adult participation in non-formal education

    In Hungary, the share of employed 25-64 year-olds participating in at least one job-related non-formal education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.2 %, rank 21/25 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education participating in non-formal job-related education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partners countries with available data. (9.3 %, rank 22/25 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Resources for education

    In Hungary, the salary cost of lower-secondary teachers per student is comparatively low. (2406 USD Equivalent, rank 22/24 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on tertiary education in Hungary is comparatively low. (8249 USD Equivalent, rank 32/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student for core educational services on primary to tertiary education in Hungary is comparatively low. (7298 USD Equivalent, rank 32/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the average annual growth in the number of full-time equivalent student (2012 to 2020) at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level is comparatively low. (-1.5 %, rank 41/45 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2020, the average annual growth in the number of full-time equivalent student from primary to tertiary education is one of the low in Hungary among OECD and partner countries with available data. (-1.8 %, rank 41/43 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2020, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Hungary is one of the large among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.2 %, rank 4/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of current expenditure for primary to tertiary education in Hungary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (-3.6 %, rank 42/45 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Hungary, expenditure on post secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (0.1 %, rank 4/21 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.9 %, rank 36/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (2.4 %, rank 39/43 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 3/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (3 %, rank 39/43 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Compared to 2010, from 2012 to 2020, the average annual growth in total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level is relatively large in Hungary. (5 Index, rank 5/37 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of capital expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (-1.9 %, rank 34/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.9 %, rank 5/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on tertiary educational institutions is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 43/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (6.2 %, rank 45/45 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, total public expenditure on primary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (1.5 %, rank 44/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, total public expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (3 %, rank 41/45 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, total public expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (0.3 %, rank 3/25 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively small. (85.1 %, rank 35/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure, for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Hungary compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.8 %, rank 44/45 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Hungary, the share of capital expenditure on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21 %, rank 3/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of current expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (79 %, rank 33/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of hours per year pre-primary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively high in Hungary. (1318 Hours, rank 5/27 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (95.5 %, rank 2/45 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (4 %, rank 35/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (5.3 %, rank 35/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers aged 50 or more in pre-primary education is especially high in Hungary (41 %, rank 5/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially low in Hungary. (3.6 %, rank 26/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19520 USD Equivalent, rank 33/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21689 USD Equivalent, rank 33/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19520 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19520 USD Equivalent, rank 33/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The ratio of pre-primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.55 Ratio, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The ratio of primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.57 Ratio, rank 26/26 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.57 Ratio, rank 26/26 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The ratio of upper secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.62 Ratio, rank 26/26 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the change in statutory primary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (92 Index, rank 28/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the change in statutory lower secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (92 Index, rank 28/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the change in statutory upper secondary education teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers is relatively small. (93 Index, rank 27/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher can expect to have one of the lowest salaries per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (34 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher can expect to have one of the lowest salaries per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (30 USD Equivalent, rank 27/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher can expect to have one of the lowest salaries per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (34 USD Equivalent, rank 27/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual pre-primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24599 USD Equivalent, rank 22/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25526 USD Equivalent, rank 28/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual lower secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25526 USD Equivalent, rank 28/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual upper secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27926 USD Equivalent, rank 28/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19520 USD Equivalent, rank 34/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21689 USD Equivalent, rank 34/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19520 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19520 USD Equivalent, rank 34/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary female teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year women workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.68 Ratio, rank 21/21 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary male teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year men workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.47 Ratio, rank 21/21 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salary of 25-64 year-old lower secondary female teachers is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25582 USD Equivalent, rank 23/23 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salary 25-64 year-old lower secondary teachers is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25237 USD Equivalent, rank 23/23 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 25-34 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (0.48 Ratio, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 35-44 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (0.49 Ratio, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 45-54 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (0.57 Ratio, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (0.64 Ratio, rank 20/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-34 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Hungary relatively compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (19005 USD Equivalent, rank 23/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 35-44 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Hungary. (22574 USD Equivalent, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 45-54 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Hungary. (26560 USD Equivalent, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Hungary. (28756 USD Equivalent, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The change in statutory pre-primary teachers' salaries with 15 years of experience, based on most prevalent qualifications at different points in their careers is comparatively small in Hungary. (92 Index, rank 21/23 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    Starting salaries for teachers with minimum training in primary education are especially low. (16137 USD Equivalent, rank 38/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Salaries of primary school teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (18173 USD Equivalent, rank 35/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Salaries of primary school teachers with minimum training at the top of scale are especially low. (25577 USD Equivalent, rank 33/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for lower secondary teachers with minimum training are especially low. (16137 USD Equivalent, rank 38/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Salaries of lower secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (18173 USD Equivalent, rank 35/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for upper secondary teachers with minimum training are especially low. (16137 USD Equivalent, rank 38/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Salaries of upper secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (20193 USD Equivalent, rank 34/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Salaries of upper secondary teachers with minimum training at the top of scale are especially low. (28419 USD Equivalent, rank 33/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Starting salaries for pre-primary teachers with minimum training are especially low. (16137 USD Equivalent, rank 29/31 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Salaries of pre-primary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (18173 USD Equivalent, rank 27/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Salaries of pre-primary teachers with minimum training at the top of scale are especially low. (25577 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Pre-primary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (0.79 Ratio, rank 17/17 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Primary school 25-64 year-old heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (0.84 Ratio, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Lower-secondary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (0.84 Ratio, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Upper-secondary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (0.89 Ratio, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old pre-primary school heads is one of the lowest in Hungary. (35317 USD Equivalent, rank 18/19 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old primary school heads is one of the lowest in Hungary. (37744 USD Equivalent, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old lower secondary education school heads is one of the lowest in Hungary. (37744 USD Equivalent, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average upper-secondary school heads' actual salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (39989 USD Equivalent, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the average actual salaries of 25-34 year-old lower-secondary school heads is relatively low compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (28653 USD Equivalent, rank 17/17 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 35-44 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Hungary. (31660 USD Equivalent, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 45-54 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Hungary. (37570 USD Equivalent, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Hungary. (40970 USD Equivalent, rank 21/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of lower secondary men school heads aged 25 to 64 is one of the lowest in Hungary. (39227 USD Equivalent, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of lower secondary women school heads aged 25 to 64 is one of the lowest in Hungary. (37404 USD Equivalent, rank 22/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.4 Ratio, rank 33/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level in government-dependent private institutions is especially low in Hungary. (10.2 Ratio, rank 16/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the number of students per teacher in private institutions tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (11 Ratio, rank 30/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the number of students per teacher in government-dependent private institutions tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (9.1 Ratio, rank 13/14 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the number of students per teacher in independent private institutions tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (12 Ratio, rank 20/23 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the ratio of children to teaching staff in early childhood educational development is one of the highest compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.5 Ratio, rank 5/21 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Hungary the ratio of children to contact staff in early childhood educational development is one of the highest compared to the other OECD and partner countries with available data. (12.5 Ratio, rank 2/16 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In Hungary, the intended instruction time for lower secondary students (in hours per year) is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (803 Hours, rank 29/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the total intended instruction time for primary students (in hours per year) is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2718 Hours, rank 26/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The total compulsory instruction time for primary and lower secondary student in Hungary is among the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5929 Hours, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, total intended instruction time for primary and lower secondary students (in hours per year) is among the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5929 Hours, rank 27/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (92 %, rank 1/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (90.1 %, rank 2/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (94 %, rank 3/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (97.6 %, rank 2/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively high in Hungary. (93.7 %, rank 1/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively high in Hungary. (86.7 %, rank 4/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (90.2 %, rank 3/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education is comparatively high. (93.3 %, rank 2/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Hungary. (93.3 %, rank 1/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Hungary. (93.8 %, rank 5/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively high. (95.7 %, rank 2/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively high in Hungary. (96.3 %, rank 1/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively high in Hungary. (91.7 %, rank 1/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high (93.9 %, rank 4/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (79.4 %, rank 3/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Hungary compared to other countries with available data. (77.2 %, rank 5/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (3.4 %, rank 39/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.8 %, rank 42/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.3 %, rank 42/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is one the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.4 %, rank 30/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.5 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (1.2 %, rank 34/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (2.6 %, rank 34/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (3.2 %, rank 29/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the lowest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (4 %, rank 32/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Hungary. (1.7 %, rank 40/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Hungary. (1.7 %, rank 32/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.3 %, rank 42/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-old women with tertiary education is comparatively low. (1.4 %, rank 41/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Hungary. (1.4 %, rank 43/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in Hungary. (2 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Hungary. (3.5 %, rank 39/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 55-64 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively low in Hungary. (0.9 %, rank 37/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (3.3 %, rank 29/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.8 %, rank 34/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.4 %, rank 32/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Hungary. (3.9 %, rank 31/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is low in Hungary. (10.2 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with tertiary education is low in Hungary. (4.6 %, rank 44/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (6.9 %, rank 34/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (5 %, rank 42/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (2.3 %, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (3.4 %, rank 27/27 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (7.9 %, rank 33/34 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (6.7 %, rank 42/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (15.2 %, rank 34/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (19.7 %, rank 33/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (18.3 %, rank 36/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (3.1 %, rank 32/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (15.8 %, rank 39/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is relatively low. (6.4 %, rank 44/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively low. (2.3 %, rank 43/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively low. (3.1 %, rank 44/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    In Hungary, the proportional difference in earnings between 25-64 year-old men with a bachelor's or equivalent degree and those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high. (181 Index, rank 3/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Earnings of 25-64 year-old full and part-time workers with tertiary education are comparatively high. (184.1 %, rank 5/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds full- and part-time with below secondary education compared to those of adults with an upper secondary education are relatively low in Hungary. (65.8 %, rank 38/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the proportion of young 25-34 year-old adults with post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively high compared to OECD and other members with available data (114.6 %, rank 5/18 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers without an upper secondary education earning more than twice the overall median in Hungary is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (0.7 %, rank 34/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Hungary. (140 Index, rank 5/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Hungary. (142 Index, rank 3/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high in Hungary. (142 Index, rank 5/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers with tertiary education earning at or below half the overall median in Hungary is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (3.7 %, rank 34/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (85.4 %, rank 5/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (70.3 %, rank 36/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women (as a percentage of men's earnings) among full- and part-time 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education are one of the highest among countries with available data. (82.8 %, rank 3/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-64 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (85.5 %, rank 2/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (85.6 %, rank 3/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (85.5 %, rank 4/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (45-54 year-olds with tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (65.9 %, rank 38/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Hungary is relatively low (11.1 %, rank 28/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Hungary is relatively low (9.6 %, rank 29/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Hungary is relatively low (13.8 %, rank 26/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Hungary is relatively low. (8.7 %, rank 28/31 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary in Hungary is relatively low. (9 %, rank 35/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of men with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Hungary is relatively low. (2.6 %, rank 33/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Hungary is relatively low. (4.6 %, rank 36/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Social outcomes

    In Hungary, the share of adults with an upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education who reported taking part in public demonstrations is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.8 %, rank 24/24 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Hungary, the share of adults with a tertiary education who reported taking part in public demonstrations is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 22/24 , 2020) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • On average in OECD countries, the employment rate for younger adults (25-34 year-olds) with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education as their highest attainment is 83% for those with a vocational qualification and 73% for those with a general one.
    • Combined school- and work-based vocational programmes facilitate the transition into the labour market. In Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia and Switzerland, around nine out of ten upper secondary VET students are in a combined school- and work-based programme, but in 10 countries, the share is less than one in five.
    • Vocational education and training (VET) programmes, which often require specific equipment and infrastructure, typically cost more per student than general programmes. On average across OECD countries, expenditure per student is about USD 11 400 in general upper secondary programmes, compared to about USD 13 200 in vocational programmes.
    • On average across OECD countries, 43% of teachers in vocational upper secondary programmes are aged 50 or over. This reflects an ageing VET teacher workforce, and also that some VET teachers join the teaching profession after an industry work experience.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Spotlight on Vocational Education and Training | Education policies: Access and Participation - VET | Education policies: Finance and Funding - VET | Education policies: Labour market outcomes - VET | 
    
                            
    
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    • On average across OECD, 20% of adults (25-64 year-olds) still do not have an upper secondary qualification in 2022. Forty percent have an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary qualification as their highest level of education, the same share as those with a tertiary degree.

    • Employment rates increase as educational attainment increases. Among 25-64 year-olds, the employment rate is 59% for those with below upper secondary attainment. This rises to 77% for adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment and 86% for those with tertiary attainment.

    • Civic engagement tends to increase as educational attainment increases. Across the OECD countries and accession countries participating in the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 10, around 10% of individuals with tertiary attainment have participated in a public demonstration in the previous 12 months, whereas 6% of individuals with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment have done so. 

    • The most common form of participation in adult learning is non-formal education and training, mostly job related. Slightly more than one in ten adults (25-64 year-olds) participate in non-formal education and training on average across OECD and accession countries reporting data with a four-week reference period, of which almost 80% have engaged in at least one job-related learning activity.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • On average, 18% of children under 2 and 43% of 2-year-olds were enrolled in early childhood education (ECEC) programmes in 2021 but other ECEC services also play a significant role. In Japan, 26% of children under 2 and 53% of 2-year-olds are enrolled in ECEC services outside ISCED 0. 

    • In Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, vocational programmes mostly serve those who have completed their initial schooling, and less than 12% of 15-19 year-old upper secondary students are pursuing VET. In contrast, there are 11 OECD countries where the majority of 15-19 year-olds enrolled in upper secondary education are in vocational programmes.

    • Most upper secondary VET students are in programmes that offer direct access to tertiary education. Countries where around 30% or more vocational students enrolled in programmes that lead to full level completion without direct access to tertiary education tend to be those with multiple vocational tracks and bridging options to allow progression to higher levels of education. 

    • On average, 72% of students who enter upper secondary education graduate within its theoretical duration across countries with available data. Two years after the end of the theoretical duration, the average completion rate has increased to 82%. 

    • Students who entered a general upper secondary programme have a higher rate of completion (87%) than those who entered in a vocational programme (73%) in nearly all countries two years after the end of the theoretical programme duration. 

    • The COVID-19 pandemic had a very uneven impact on international student flows across countries during the period 2019-2021. While the share of mobile students fell by 6 percentage points in Australia and 9 percentage points in New Zealand, it increased in several countries and remained unchanged in many others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Across OECD countries, expenditure per student averages around USD 10 700 at the primary level, USD 11 900 at secondary and USD 18 100 at tertiary level. This reflects the fact that higher levels of education often require teachers to have more advanced qualifications and specialised knowledge which are usually accompanied by higher salaries.

    • Vocational education and training (VET) programmes, which often require specific equipment and infrastructure, typically cost more per student than general programmes. On average across OECD countries, expenditure per student is about USD 11 400 in general upper secondary programmes, compared to about USD 13 200 in vocational programmes.
    • Upper secondary vocational programmes receive between 3% and 17% of all funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions. Post-secondary non-tertiary programmes, which are often vocational, receive as much as 7% of funding (in Ireland) and short-cycle tertiary as much as 10% (in Canada).

    • In 2020, on average across OECD countries, 84% of the funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions came directly from government sources, 15% from private sources and 1% from non-domestic (international) sources. 

    • Higher education levels tend to have higher teachers' salary costs per student. On average across OECD countries, they rise from USD 3 614 per student in primary education to USD 4 424 in lower secondary education. This is mostly due to a combination of higher teachers' salaries and instruction time, and shorter teaching hours.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Students across the OECD receive an average of 7 634 hours of compulsory instruction during their primary and lower secondary education, ranging from 5 245 hours in Poland to double that in Australia (11 000 hours).

    • Teachers' actual salaries at pre-primary, primary and general secondary levels of education are 81-95% of the earnings of tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries and other participants.

    • School heads' actual salaries are more than 51% higher on average than those of teachers across primary and secondary education in OECD countries and other participants.

    • More than three-quarters of the OECD countries have national, or central, examinations in the final years of upper secondary education (in general programmes). A large majority of these countries use these examinations to grant students access to tertiary education.

    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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				Key
            
    
            Diagram of funding flows - Hungary
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
				Key
            
    
            Country Reviews for Hungary
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
            by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
            education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
            more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
            take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. 
            The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.  
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
			B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
			

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.