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Greece
Overview of the education system (EAG 2023)
  • In Greece, 41% of 15-19 year-olds are enrolled in general upper secondary education. A further 3% are enrolled in lower secondary programmes and 23% in tertiary programmes. This compares to an OECD average of 37% enrolled in general upper secondary programmes, 12% in lower secondary programmes and 12% in tertiary programmes.
  • In Greece,23% of 25-34 year-olds have a vocational education and training (VET) qualification as their highest level of attainment: 10% at upper secondary level and 12% at post-secondary non-tertiary level.
  • Although an upper secondary qualification is often the minimum attainment needed for successful labour-market participation,8% of 25-34 year-olds in Greece have not attained an upper secondary qualification, lower than the OECD average (14%).
  • Workers in Greece aged 25-34 with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment earn 25% more than those without upper secondary attainment, whereas the earning advantage for workers with general upper secondary attainment is 26%.
  • In Greece,25-34 year-old workers with bachelor's attainment earn 42% more than their peers without upper secondary attainment, while those with master's or doctoral attainment earn 133% more.
  • Across all levels from primary to tertiary education, Greece spends USD 6146 annually per full-time equivalent student (adjusted for purchasing power and including expenditure on research and development), compared to the OECD average of USD 12 647. Expenditure per student is equivalent to 20% of per capita GDP, which is below the OECD average of 27%.
  • In Greece,65% of teachers in general upper secondary programmes are aged 50 or older, compared to the OECD average of 39%.Teachers in vocational programmes are on average younger than their general programme peers, with 50% aged 50 or above (43% on average across the OECD).
    • | Education at a Glance 2023 | Country Note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2023 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Sport and Culture (in Greek) | EL.STAT. (Hellenic Statistical Authority) |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The level of short-cycle tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.1 %, rank 32/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    Greece has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old men whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (0.3 %, rank 33/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained a short cycle tertiary degree is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (0.1 %, rank 30/31 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The average age of new entrants in tertiary education in Greece is comparatively young. (20 Years, rank 29/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the average age of new entrants in master's programmes is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32.3 Years, rank 4/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The proportion of women among the new entrants in master's programmes in Greece is relatively high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (63.9 %, rank 5/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    In Greece, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (66.6 %, rank 36/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Greece is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (56.2 %, rank 38/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in information and communication technologies in Greece is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (58.7 %, rank 38/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Greece is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (53.8 %, rank 38/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in Greece is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 82/82 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students in public tertiary educational institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 20-24 year-olds in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (54.5 %, rank 3/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 18 in general upper secondary programmes in Greece is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.6 %, rank 42/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 19 in general upper secondary programmes in Greece is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 40/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.4 %, rank 4/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 20 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.7 %, rank 3/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The average age of lower secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Greece is one of the lowest compared to other countries with available data. (16.7 %, rank 18/22 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (100 %, rank 1/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion without access to tertiary education is relatively large compared to other OECD or partner contries. (100 %, rank 1/14 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (0 %, rank 15/16 , 2021) Download Indicator

    in Greece, the share of post-secondary non-tertiary students among all vocational students is relatively large compared to other OECD and partner countries. (35.1 %, rank 4/26 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.8 %, rank 5/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 20-24 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.2 %, rank 3/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 20-24 in bachelor's programmes in Greece is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (44.5 %, rank 1/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of three-year-olds in pre-primary education in Greece is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 80/81 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of female students enrolled in lower secondary vocational programmes is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (33.8 %, rank 19/22 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from general programmes at the upper secondary level in Greece is comparatively low. (17.2 Years, rank 36/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of first-time master's graduates younger than 35 is relatively low. (60.7 %, rank 31/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of bachelor's or equivalent graduates in public institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of master's or equivalent graduates in public institutions is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of doctorate graduates in public institutions is relatively high in Greece. (100 %, rank 1/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.4 %, rank 2/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27.9 %, rank 2/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, aministration and law is relatively low. (6.9 %, rank 23/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively low. (6.3 %, rank 21/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 34/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.2 %, rank 4/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    In Greece, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.9 %, rank 4/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female tertiary graduates in the field of sciences, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19 %, rank 4/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively large. (14 %, rank 4/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of arts and humanities is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (71.9 %, rank 5/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies among all national tertiary students in Greece is relatively low. (3.8 %, rank 35/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of health and welfare among all national tertiary students in Greece is relatively low. (8 %, rank 37/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (27.9 %, rank 2/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (5.9 %, rank 35/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    Greece has a small share of international students graduate from tertiary programmes compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (2.5 %, rank 28/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of international students entering tertiary education in Greece is relatively low. (2.5 %, rank 28/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of international students entering doctoral or equivalent programmes in Greece is relatively small. (2.1 %, rank 34/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international and foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.7 %, rank 41/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, international or foreign students from North America are least represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 39/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of international graduates among first-time master's graduates is relatively low. (0.6 %, rank 32/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of international graduates among first-time doctorate graduates is relatively low. (1.7 %, rank 32/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The proportion of international students among the new entrants in master's programmes in Greece is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.5 %, rank 35/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.5 %, rank 41/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of international or foreign students coming from neighbouring countries is comparatively high . (72 Students, rank 1/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (1.8 %, rank 40/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in doctoral or equivalent programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (1.5 %, rank 39/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes among men is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.6 %, rank 39/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international or foreign students enrolled in master's programmes among women is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.4 %, rank 40/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of arts and humanities among all international or foreign tertiary students in Greece is relatively high. (16.4 %, rank 5/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies among all international or foreign tertiary students in Greece is relatively low. (3.8 %, rank 35/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of international and foreign students among all students in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.2 %, rank 35/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of arts and humanities is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (24.2 %, rank 2/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3 %, rank 36/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 34/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.1 %, rank 37/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Adult learning

    In Greece, the percentage of training costs as a share of total costs in all entreprises in 2020, is one of the among the other OECD and partners countries with available data. (0.3 %, rank 23/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Adult participation in non-formal education

    In Greece, the share of employed 25-64 year-olds participating in at least one job-related non-formal education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 25/25 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-olds participating in at least one job-related non-formal education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.2 %, rank 18/19 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of 25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education participating in non-formal job-related education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partners countries with available data. (0.8 %, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of 25-64 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education participating in non-formal job-related education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partners countries with available data. (0.7 %, rank 25/25 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education participating in non-formal job-related education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partners countries with available data. (1.9 %, rank 25/25 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4300 USD Equivalent, rank 40/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student from primary to tertiary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6146 USD Equivalent, rank 35/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2603 USD Equivalent, rank 34/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1697 USD Equivalent, rank 31/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student in primary to tertiary education is one the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5552 USD Equivalent, rank 19/21 , 2020) Download Indicator

    (6482 USD Equivalent 2015, rank 18/22 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2020, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Greece is one of the small among OECD and partner countries with available data. (-0.4 %, rank 32/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Greece is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3211 USD Equivalent, rank 36/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the total annual expenditure per full-time equivalent student on tertiary education is one of the small among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3885 USD Equivalent 2015, rank 22/22 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Greece, expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (1.4 %, rank 35/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively low. (0.9 %, rank 36/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 3/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2020, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Greece is one of the low among OECD and partner countries with available data. (-0.1 %, rank 31/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, international expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on tertiary education is relatively large. (0.1 %, rank 5/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of public expenditure on tertiary educational institutions is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 43/46 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, total public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (6.9 %, rank 43/45 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, total public expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively low. (2.7 %, rank 43/45 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of total expenditure on primary to tertiary education is relatively high. (3 %, rank 3/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Compared to 2015, the share of total government expenditure is comparatively lowest in Greece. (92 Index, rank 47/49 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.2 %, rank 36/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.4 %, rank 36/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of current expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (97.6 %, rank 1/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on primary through tertiary is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.8 %, rank 3/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of current expenditure on primary through tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (86.2 %, rank 31/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.7 %, rank 36/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of capital expenditure on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (47.5 %, rank 1/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of current expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.5 %, rank 35/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of hours per year lower secondary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively low in Greece. (590 Hours, rank 30/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The number of days of instruction in a school year in lower secondary public school is especially low. (171 Days, rank 28/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The number of days of instruction in a school year in upper secondary public school is especially low. (171 Days, rank 28/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The number of hours per year pre-primary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively low in Greece. (675 Hours, rank 25/27 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education (bachelor's, master's, doctorate or equivalent education) is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (37 %, rank 30/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (37 %, rank 38/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (1.8 %, rank 36/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (1.7 %, rank 39/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of lower secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (42.8 %, rank 34/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (38.5 %, rank 36/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers aged between 30 and 49 is especially low. (42.2 %, rank 35/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers older than 50 is especially high. (51.6 %, rank 4/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively large. (62.6 %, rank 2/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Females aged 50 or more represent a small proportion of teachers in primary education in Greece. (62.6 %, rank 39/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of tertiary teachers older than 50 is relatively high, compared to other countries with data available. (52.4 %, rank 2/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (1 %, rank 29/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of tertiary teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (1 %, rank 32/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of teachers under 30 in pre-primary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.6 %, rank 33/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the percentage of teachers aged 50 or more is particularly high in Greece. (65.3 %, rank 1/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of teachers under 30 in Greece is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1 %, rank 33/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the percentage of upper secondary general education teachers aged between 30 and 49 is relatively low, compared to the other countries with available data. (33.7 %, rank 33/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially low in Greece. (2.9 %, rank 27/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged 50 or more in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Greece, compared to the other countries with available data. (25.8 %, rank 19/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Greece, compared to other countries with available data. (68 %, rank 2/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (25521 USD Equivalent, rank 31/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The ratio of upper secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.81 Ratio, rank 22/26 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher can expect to have one of the lowest salaries per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (46 USD Equivalent, rank 24/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher can expect to have one of the lowest salaries per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (40 USD Equivalent, rank 25/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual pre-primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27371 USD Equivalent, rank 20/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual primary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27371 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual lower secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29194 USD Equivalent, rank 26/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual upper secondary teacher's salary among teachers aged between 25-64 is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29194 USD Equivalent, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a lower secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26996 USD Equivalent, rank 32/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, an upper secondary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26996 USD Equivalent, rank 32/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26996 USD Equivalent, rank 24/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26996 USD Equivalent, rank 32/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary female teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year women workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.9 Ratio, rank 17/21 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salary of 25-64 year-old lower secondary female teachers is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28329 USD Equivalent, rank 22/23 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salary 25-64 year-old lower secondary teachers is one of the lowest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (29869 USD Equivalent, rank 22/23 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 25-34 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.67 Ratio, rank 21/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 35-44 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.69 Ratio, rank 19/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The salaries of 55-64 year-old general lower-secondary teachers relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (0.71 Ratio, rank 18/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-34 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Greece relatively compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (17319 USD Equivalent, rank 24/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 35-44 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Greece. (23749 USD Equivalent, rank 23/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 45-54 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Greece. (29401 USD Equivalent, rank 23/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower-secondary teachers is one of the lowest in Greece. (33254 USD Equivalent, rank 22/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    Salaries of upper secondary teachers with minimum training after 10 years of experience are especially low. (23467 USD Equivalent, rank 32/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Primary school 25-64 year-old heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (1.05 Ratio, rank 19/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Upper-secondary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Greece. (1.17 Ratio, rank 18/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old pre-primary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (38105 USD Equivalent, rank 16/19 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old primary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (38105 USD Equivalent, rank 23/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 25-64 year-old lower secondary education school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (42517 USD Equivalent, rank 21/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average upper-secondary school heads' actual salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (42517 USD Equivalent, rank 22/24 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 35-44 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (35960 USD Equivalent, rank 21/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 45-54 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (40226 USD Equivalent, rank 20/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of 55-64 year-old lower secondary school heads is one of the lowest in Greece. (43241 USD Equivalent, rank 20/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of lower secondary men school heads aged 25 to 64 is one of the lowest in Greece. (42601 USD Equivalent, rank 20/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The average actual salaries of lower secondary women school heads aged 25 to 64 is one of the lowest in Greece. (42390 USD Equivalent, rank 20/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of students per teacher in tertiary institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49.1 Ratio, rank 1/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner countries with available data. (8 Ratio, rank 46/46 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially low. (7.8 Ratio, rank 41/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level is especially low. (9.1 Ratio, rank 41/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The number of students per teacher in secondary schools is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.4 Ratio, rank 40/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in general upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.6 Ratio, rank 34/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially low in Greece. (8.3 Ratio, rank 30/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in public lower secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.8 Ratio, rank 40/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in public upper secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.2 Ratio, rank 39/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in all public secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.4 Ratio, rank 40/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in public institutions tertiary education is one of the highest among countries with available data. (49.1 Ratio, rank 2/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the number of students per teacher in public bachelor's, master's, doctoral or equivalent programmes is one of the highest among countries with available data. (49.1 Ratio, rank 1/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In Greece, the total intended instruction time for primary students (in hours per year) is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6832 Hours, rank 3/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, total intended instruction time for primary and lower secondary students (in hours per year) is among the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9980 Hours, rank 3/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the intended instruction time for primary students, in hours per year, is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1139 Hours, rank 2/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of instruction days per year for lower secondary students is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (164 Days, rank 33/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    The number of instruction days per year for primary students is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (174 Days, rank 32/35 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in public primary institutions are comparatively small in Greece. (17 Students, rank 32/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively low. (79.4 %, rank 41/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (66.7 %, rank 40/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a short-cycle tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (59.4 %, rank 36/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (76.9 %, rank 40/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (72.7 %, rank 32/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (62.8 %, rank 36/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (76.4 %, rank 41/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-olds with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (47.6 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (71.5 %, rank 34/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (61 %, rank 35/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (75.8 %, rank 33/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 35-44 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (72.7 %, rank 34/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 45-54 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (71.3 %, rank 36/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Greece. (66.3 %, rank 25/26 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in Greece. (78.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is comparatively low. (84 %, rank 44/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (78.1 %, rank 43/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (70.4 %, rank 41/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in Greece. (34.8 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (58.1 %, rank 34/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (81.8 %, rank 33/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (48.2 %, rank 37/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of employed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (59.6 %, rank 33/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the employment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Greece compared to other countries with available data. (46.4 %, rank 37/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (71.9 %, rank 30/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (71.6 %, rank 29/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of arts and humanities, social sciences, journalism and information is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (67.8 %, rank 30/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of business, administration and law is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (76.5 %, rank 30/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (76.4 %, rank 29/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of information and communication technologies is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (83.8 %, rank 29/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (77.1 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of health and welfare is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (81.2 %, rank 28/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) is low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (78.2 %, rank 28/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is comparatively high. (22.6 %, rank 3/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (14.3 %, rank 3/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds without upper secondary education is comparatively high. (14.8 %, rank 5/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education is comparatively high. (8.5 %, rank 5/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (9.8 %, rank 2/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (5.8 %, rank 3/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (3.3 %, rank 2/21 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (13.1 %, rank 1/34 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (12.7 %, rank 2/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64, with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (8.9 %, rank 26/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with below upper secondary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the largest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (66.5 %, rank 2/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (9 %, rank 27/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 3 months to less than 12 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (23.7 %, rank 27/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for less than 3 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (14 %, rank 26/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 3 months to less than 12 months is one of the smallest in Greece, compared to other OECD countries. (25.7 %, rank 28/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Among the unemployed population aged between 25 and 64 with tertiary education, the share of those who have been unemployed for at least 12 months is one of the largest in Greece, compared to OECD countries. (60.3 %, rank 2/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (17.8 %, rank 1/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (18.6 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Greece. (15.1 %, rank 2/42 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively high in Greece. (11.9 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Greece. (19.5 %, rank 3/41 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is compartively high in Greece. (13.3 %, rank 3/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with below upper secondary education is compartively high in Greece. (30 %, rank 3/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education is compartively high in Greece. (15.2 %, rank 4/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (11.8 %, rank 2/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (27 %, rank 1/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.2 %, rank 1/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.5 %, rank 5/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (20.5 %, rank 1/34 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.4 %, rank 3/34 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Greece. (26.6 %, rank 1/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Greece. (14.2 %, rank 2/34 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (17.6 %, rank 2/14 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (11.2 %, rank 4/37 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a short cycle tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (39.7 %, rank 1/34 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (28 %, rank 4/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (41 %, rank 3/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively high. (10 %, rank 4/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with tertiary education is relatively high. (10 %, rank 2/45 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    The proportion of female full-time earners among all earners aged 55 to 64 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (19.9 %, rank 25/29 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of young 25-34 year-old adults with post-secondary non-tertiary education, is relatively low compared to OECD and other members with available data (99.8 %, rank 14/18 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (94.8 %, rank 1/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of unemployed youth neither in formal education nor training among 18-24 year-olds in Greece is one of the highest among countries with available data. (10 %, rank 4/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of men without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (43.4 %, rank 5/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (40.7 %, rank 3/30 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high (27.7 %, rank 1/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Greece is relatively high. (33.3 %, rank 1/31 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (21.3 %, rank 5/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of men with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (21.7 %, rank 3/35 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-29 year-olds neither in employment nor in education and training with tertiary education in Greece is relatively high. (20.7 %, rank 4/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (10.2 %, rank 2/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (11.7 %, rank 2/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of men who are unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (8.7 %, rank 5/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of unemployed NEET (15-29 year-olds) in Greece is relatively high. (9.4 %, rank 2/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the proportion of youth with a tertiary degree who are neither employed nor in education or training among 15-29 year-olds is comparatively large. (22.3 %, rank 4/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Among 25-29 year-old men in Greece, a large share of them are neither employed nor in education or training. (22.9 %, rank 3/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Social outcomes

    In Greece, upper-secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education's average score for the perception of democracy and the importance given to citizens having the final say on the most important political issues by voting on them directly in referendums is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.6 Average score, rank 20/24 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of adults with an upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education who reported taking part in public demonstrations is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.1 %, rank 4/24 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of adults with a tertiary education who reported taking part in public demonstrations is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (15 %, rank 4/24 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Greece, the share of Internet users without an upper secondary education taking precautions to protect the privacy of their personal data is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.2 %, rank 26/26 , 2021) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    

    

    

    • On average in OECD countries, the employment rate for younger adults (25-34 year-olds) with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education as their highest attainment is 83% for those with a vocational qualification and 73% for those with a general one.
    • Combined school- and work-based vocational programmes facilitate the transition into the labour market. In Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia and Switzerland, around nine out of ten upper secondary VET students are in a combined school- and work-based programme, but in 10 countries, the share is less than one in five.
    • Vocational education and training (VET) programmes, which often require specific equipment and infrastructure, typically cost more per student than general programmes. On average across OECD countries, expenditure per student is about USD 11 400 in general upper secondary programmes, compared to about USD 13 200 in vocational programmes.
    • On average across OECD countries, 43% of teachers in vocational upper secondary programmes are aged 50 or over. This reflects an ageing VET teacher workforce, and also that some VET teachers join the teaching profession after an industry work experience.
    

    

    
| Spotlight on Vocational Education and Training | Education policies: Access and Participation - VET | Education policies: Finance and Funding - VET | Education policies: Labour market outcomes - VET | 
    

    
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    • On average across OECD, 20% of adults (25-64 year-olds) still do not have an upper secondary qualification in 2022. Forty percent have an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary qualification as their highest level of education, the same share as those with a tertiary degree.

    • Employment rates increase as educational attainment increases. Among 25-64 year-olds, the employment rate is 59% for those with below upper secondary attainment. This rises to 77% for adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment and 86% for those with tertiary attainment.

    • Civic engagement tends to increase as educational attainment increases. Across the OECD countries and accession countries participating in the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 10, around 10% of individuals with tertiary attainment have participated in a public demonstration in the previous 12 months, whereas 6% of individuals with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment have done so.

    • The most common form of participation in adult learning is non-formal education and training, mostly job related. Slightly more than one in ten adults (25-64 year-olds) participate in non-formal education and training on average across OECD and accession countries reporting data with a four-week reference period, of which almost 80% have engaged in at least one job-related learning activity.
    

    

    
| Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    

    
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    • On average, 18% of children under 2 and 43% of 2-year-olds were enrolled in early childhood education (ECEC) programmes in 2021 but other ECEC services also play a significant role. In Japan, 26% of children under 2 and 53% of 2-year-olds are enrolled in ECEC services outside ISCED 0.

    • In Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, vocational programmes mostly serve those who have completed their initial schooling, and less than 12% of 15-19 year-old upper secondary students are pursuing VET. In contrast, there are 11 OECD countries where the majority of 15-19 year-olds enrolled in upper secondary education are in vocational programmes.

    • Most upper secondary VET students are in programmes that offer direct access to tertiary education. Countries where around 30% or more vocational students enrolled in programmes that lead to full level completion without direct access to tertiary education tend to be those with multiple vocational tracks and bridging options to allow progression to higher levels of education.

    • On average, 72% of students who enter upper secondary education graduate within its theoretical duration across countries with available data. Two years after the end of the theoretical duration, the average completion rate has increased to 82%.

    • Students who entered a general upper secondary programme have a higher rate of completion (87%) than those who entered in a vocational programme (73%) in nearly all countries two years after the end of the theoretical programme duration.

    • The COVID-19 pandemic had a very uneven impact on international student flows across countries during the period 2019-2021. While the share of mobile students fell by 6 percentage points in Australia and 9 percentage points in New Zealand, it increased in several countries and remained unchanged in many others.
    

    

    
| Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    

    
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    • Across OECD countries, expenditure per student averages around USD 10 700 at the primary level, USD 11 900 at secondary and USD 18 100 at tertiary level. This reflects the fact that higher levels of education often require teachers to have more advanced qualifications and specialised knowledge which are usually accompanied by higher salaries.

    • Vocational education and training (VET) programmes, which often require specific equipment and infrastructure, typically cost more per student than general programmes. On average across OECD countries, expenditure per student is about USD 11 400 in general upper secondary programmes, compared to about USD 13 200 in vocational programmes.
    • Upper secondary vocational programmes receive between 3% and 17% of all funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions. Post-secondary non-tertiary programmes, which are often vocational, receive as much as 7% of funding (in Ireland) and short-cycle tertiary as much as 10% (in Canada).

    • In 2020, on average across OECD countries, 84% of the funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions came directly from government sources, 15% from private sources and 1% from non-domestic (international) sources.

    • Higher education levels tend to have higher teachers' salary costs per student. On average across OECD countries, they rise from USD 3 614 per student in primary education to USD 4 424 in lower secondary education. This is mostly due to a combination of higher teachers' salaries and instruction time, and shorter teaching hours.
    

    

    
| Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    

    
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    • Students across the OECD receive an average of 7 634 hours of compulsory instruction during their primary and lower secondary education, ranging from 5 245 hours in Poland to double that in Australia (11 000 hours).

    • Teachers' actual salaries at pre-primary, primary and general secondary levels of education are 81-95% of the earnings of tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries and other participants.

    • School heads' actual salaries are more than 51% higher on average than those of teachers across primary and secondary education in OECD countries and other participants.

    • More than three-quarters of the OECD countries have national, or central, examinations in the final years of upper secondary education (in general programmes). A large majority of these countries use these examinations to grant students access to tertiary education.

    

    

    
| Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    

    
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Diagram of funding flows - Greece

    

    

    

    

    
Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version

    
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Country Reviews for Greece

    

    

    

    








    
Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities,
such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
for each publication.
    
All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available.
The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/


    
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some
countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.


    
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies.
This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and
Annex 3
of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.


    
B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.


    
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.