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France
Overview of the education system (EAG 2023)
  • In France, 38% of 15-19 year-olds are enrolled in general upper secondary education and 22% in vocational upper secondary education. A further 4% are enrolled in lower secondary programmes and 23% in tertiary programmes. This compares to an OECD average of 37% enrolled in general upper secondary programmes, 23% in vocational upper secondary programmes, 12% in lower secondary programmes and 12% in tertiary programmes.
  • In France,42% of 25-34 year-olds have a vocational education and training (VET) qualification as their highest level of attainment: 30% at upper secondary level and 12% at short-cycle tertiary level.
  • Although an upper secondary qualification is often the minimum attainment needed for successful labour-market participation,11% of 25-34 year-olds in France have not attained an upper secondary qualification, lower than the OECD average (14%).
  • Workers in France aged 25-34 with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment earn 30% more than those without upper secondary attainment, whereas the earning advantage for workers with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment is 19%.
  • In France,25-34 year-old workers with bachelor's attainment earn 44% more than their peers without upper secondary attainment, while those with master's or doctoral attainment earn 91% more.
  • Across all levels from primary to tertiary education, France spends USD 13 545 annually per full-time equivalent student (adjusted for purchasing power and including expenditure on research and development), compared to the OECD average of USD 12 647.
  • In France, in full-time equivalent terms, there are 14 students per staff member in general upper secondary programmes (OECD average: 14 students per staff member) and 8 students for every teaching staff member in vocational upper secondary programmes (OECD average: 15 students per staff member).
    • | Education at a Glance 2023 | Country Note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2023 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: France | Ministère de l'éducation nationale (Ministry of National Education, in French) | Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (Ministry of Higher Education and Research, in French) |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    In France, the share of 25-34 year-olds who attained a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (23.3 %, rank 4/40 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The share of 25-34 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in France is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (8.1 %, rank 35/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (3.2 %, rank 31/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Entrance

    The share of female students entering bachelor's programmes in France is relatively large. (59.2 %, rank 5/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the average age of new entrants in short-cycle programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19.6 Years, rank 32/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the average age of new entrants in doctoral programmes is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (27.9 Years, rank 35/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (46.7 %, rank 36/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of education is relatively small. (56.9 %, rank 35/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female among new entrants in doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively small. (39.4 %, rank 35/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of women among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (45.9 %, rank 36/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (61.6 %, rank 35/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The enrolment rate of 6-14 year-olds in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of three-year-olds in early childhood education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/82 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/82 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 30-39 year-olds in France is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.7 %, rank 41/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 40-64 year-olds in France is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.4 %, rank 41/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 3-5 year-old children in early childhood and primary education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 18 tertiary programmes in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.9 %, rank 2/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 19 tertiary programmes in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.1 %, rank 2/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (43.4 %, rank 29/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The average age of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes in France is among the lowest. (23.7 %, rank 26/27 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary vocational programmes are proportionally more in France than in the other countries. (100 %, rank 1/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    in France, the share of post-secondary non-tertiary students among all vocational students is relatively small compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.5 %, rank 24/26 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (100 %, rank 1/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (20 %, rank 35/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    France has a share of short-cycle tertiary students enrolled in programmes giving partial completion or being insufficient for completion that is comparatively higher than other OECD and partner countries. (2.4 %, rank 3/4 , 2021) Download Indicator

    France has a share of short-cycle tertiary students enrolled in programmes giving full level completion with access to tertiary education that is lower than other OECD and partner countries; (97.6 %, rank 30/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in short-cycle tertiary programmes in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 3/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 20-24 in bachelor's programmes in France is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.3 %, rank 39/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 20-24 in master's programmes in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.5 %, rank 1/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (0.2 %, rank 5/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of three-year-olds in pre-primary education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/81 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of four-year-olds in pre-primary in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/81 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in ECEC in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/83 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of five-year-olds in pre-primary education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/83 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of six-year-olds in primary education in France is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/45 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from general programmes at the upper secondary level in France is comparatively low. (17.1 Years, rank 38/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4 %, rank 43/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (36.2 %, rank 4/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.2 %, rank 4/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of education in France is relatively small. (1 %, rank 41/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in France is relatively large. (33.5 %, rank 2/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is relatively low. (0.6 %, rank 24/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of post-secondary non-tertiary vocational graduates in the field of services is relatively low. (3.4 %, rank 24/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of arts and humanities is relatively low compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1.7 %, rank 33/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of short-cycle tertiary vocational graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively high compared to other OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (47.8 %, rank 2/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of business, administration and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32.1 %, rank 5/45 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (5.4 %, rank 43/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in social sciences, business and law is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (38 %, rank 3/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female doctoral graduates in the field of Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively low. (39.1 %, rank 40/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of education is relatively low in France. (2.1 %, rank 41/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is relatively small. (63 %, rank 22/23 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.8 %, rank 24/27 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of services is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (36.4 %, rank 25/27 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Completion rates

    (72.9 %, rank 5/19 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (90.3 %, rank 3/21 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (81 %, rank 4/18 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (95.8 %, rank 1/21 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of education is relatively low. (3.2 %, rank 39/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is relatively low. (3.2 %, rank 37/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of education among all national tertiary students in France is relatively low. (3.4 %, rank 36/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies among all national tertiary students in France is relatively low. (2.9 %, rank 36/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of arts and humanities is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (15.5 %, rank 5/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of education is relatively low, compared to other countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 35/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is relatively high. (28.8 %, rank 3/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of new entrants in education bachelor's programmes is comparatively smallest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.2 %, rank 39/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of new entrants in Information and communication technologies bachelor's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.9 %, rank 38/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of new entrants in engineering, manufacturing and construction bachelor's programmes is relatively low in France among countries with available data. (6.8 %, rank 37/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of new entrants in Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary bachelor's programmes is especially lowest, compared to the other countries with other data. (0.3 %, rank 38/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of new entrants in health and welfare master's programmes is relatively lowest, compared to other countries with available data. (5.3 %, rank 38/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    In France, international or foreign students from Africa are highest represented among all international or foreign students, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (53 %, rank 1/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics among all international or foreign tertiary students in France is relatively high. (13.9 %, rank 3/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies among all international or foreign tertiary students in France is relatively low. (2.9 %, rank 36/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of students enrolled in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary among all international or foreign tertiary students is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (0.3 %, rank 36/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Adult learning

    In France, the percentage of training costs as a share of total costs in all entreprises in 2020, is one of the among the other OECD and partners countries with available data. (2.1 %, rank 2/23 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Adult participation in non-formal education

    In France, the share of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education participating in non-formal job-related education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partners countries with available data. (10 %, rank 21/25 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Resources for education

    In France, the salary cost of primary teachers per student is comparatively low. (2518 USD Equivalent, rank 20/24 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    From 2012 to 2020, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in France is one of the small among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 30/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In France, expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (2.6 %, rank 3/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In France, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 3/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of days of instruction in a school year in pre-primary public school is especially low. (162 Days, rank 28/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The number of days of instruction in a school year in primary public school is especially low. (162 Days, rank 32/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in pre-primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (91.1 %, rank 40/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of women among teaching staff in post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.9 %, rank 18/21 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of male teachers in pre-primary education is especially high in France. (8.9 %, rank 3/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of post secondary non-tertiary education teachers under 30 is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (12.3 %, rank 1/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    The ratio of primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.74 Ratio, rank 23/26 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    It takes lower secondary teachers longer to progress through the salary scale in France compared to other OECD and partner countries. (35 Years, rank 2/10 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Primary school 25-64 year-old heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in France. (0.93 Ratio, rank 21/22 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (22.3 Ratio, rank 3/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially low in France. (8 Ratio, rank 31/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level in private institutions is especially high in France. (16.5 Ratio, rank 5/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    In France, the intended instruction time for lower secondary students (in hours per year) is one of the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1247 Hours, rank 1/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, total intended instruction time for lower secondary students is among the longest compared to other countries with available data. (4988 Hours, rank 2/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    In France, total intended instruction time for primary and lower secondary students (in hours per year) is among the longest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9308 Hours, rank 5/30 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Classes in in private primary institutions are comparatively large in France. (25 Students, rank 5/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Classes in lower secondary private institutions are comparatively large in France. (27 Students, rank 3/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In independent private institutions at lower secondary level, classes are one of the smallest in France among OECD and partner countries with available data. (12 Students, rank 18/19 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 55-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is compartively low in France. (56.3 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of employed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (77.8 %, rank 35/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Unemployment and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest of all OECD countries and partner economies for which data are available. (9.9 %, rank 5/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, the unemployment rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is relatively low in France. (4.9 %, rank 6/8 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    The unemployment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively high in France. (19 %, rank 5/41 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively high. (9.2 %, rank 4/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (2.6 %, rank 11/14 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (17 %, rank 2/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In France, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old men with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (16.9 %, rank 5/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    The proportion of male full-time earners among all earners aged 55 to 64 without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (26.4 %, rank 27/29 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The proportion of male full-time earners among all earners aged 55 to 64 with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (40.7 %, rank 27/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The proportion of male full-time earners among all earners aged 55 to 64 with tertiary education is comparatively low. (55.4 %, rank 26/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In France, the proportion of young 25-34 year-old adults with a bachelor's or equivalent attainment earnings is relatively low compared to OECD and other members with available data (112.5 %, rank 31/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in France. (119 Index, rank 25/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in France. (109 Index, rank 28/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in France. (104 Index, rank 25/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    The earnings of men without an upper secondary education are relatively high compared to those of men with an upper secondary education. (89 Index, rank 5/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (among 25-34 year-olds with upper secondary education or post-secondary non-tertiary education and income from employment) are one of the low among countries with available data. (69.4 %, rank 40/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds without an upper secondary education working full-time full-year) are one of the highest among countries with available data. (90.4 %, rank 4/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings of women as a percentage of men's earnings (25-34 year-olds with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education working full-time full-year) are one of the lowest among countries with available data. (64.7 %, rank 27/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in France is relatively high (21.1 %, rank 2/29 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Social outcomes

    In France, below upper-secondary education's average score for the perception of democracy and the importance given to citizens having the final say on the most important political issues by voting on them directly in referendums is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.7 Average score, rank 20/24 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of adults with below upper secondary education who reported taking part in public demonstrations is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (6 %, rank 4/21 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In France, the share of adults with an upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education who reported taking part in public demonstrations is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.5 %, rank 5/24 , 2020) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    

    

    

    • On average in OECD countries, the employment rate for younger adults (25-34 year-olds) with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education as their highest attainment is 83% for those with a vocational qualification and 73% for those with a general one.
    • Combined school- and work-based vocational programmes facilitate the transition into the labour market. In Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia and Switzerland, around nine out of ten upper secondary VET students are in a combined school- and work-based programme, but in 10 countries, the share is less than one in five.
    • Vocational education and training (VET) programmes, which often require specific equipment and infrastructure, typically cost more per student than general programmes. On average across OECD countries, expenditure per student is about USD 11 400 in general upper secondary programmes, compared to about USD 13 200 in vocational programmes.
    • On average across OECD countries, 43% of teachers in vocational upper secondary programmes are aged 50 or over. This reflects an ageing VET teacher workforce, and also that some VET teachers join the teaching profession after an industry work experience.
    

    

    
| Spotlight on Vocational Education and Training | Education policies: Access and Participation - VET | Education policies: Finance and Funding - VET | Education policies: Labour market outcomes - VET | 
    

    
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    • On average across OECD, 20% of adults (25-64 year-olds) still do not have an upper secondary qualification in 2022. Forty percent have an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary qualification as their highest level of education, the same share as those with a tertiary degree.

    • Employment rates increase as educational attainment increases. Among 25-64 year-olds, the employment rate is 59% for those with below upper secondary attainment. This rises to 77% for adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment and 86% for those with tertiary attainment.

    • Civic engagement tends to increase as educational attainment increases. Across the OECD countries and accession countries participating in the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 10, around 10% of individuals with tertiary attainment have participated in a public demonstration in the previous 12 months, whereas 6% of individuals with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment have done so.

    • The most common form of participation in adult learning is non-formal education and training, mostly job related. Slightly more than one in ten adults (25-64 year-olds) participate in non-formal education and training on average across OECD and accession countries reporting data with a four-week reference period, of which almost 80% have engaged in at least one job-related learning activity.
    

    

    
| Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    

    
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    • On average, 18% of children under 2 and 43% of 2-year-olds were enrolled in early childhood education (ECEC) programmes in 2021 but other ECEC services also play a significant role. In Japan, 26% of children under 2 and 53% of 2-year-olds are enrolled in ECEC services outside ISCED 0.

    • In Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, vocational programmes mostly serve those who have completed their initial schooling, and less than 12% of 15-19 year-old upper secondary students are pursuing VET. In contrast, there are 11 OECD countries where the majority of 15-19 year-olds enrolled in upper secondary education are in vocational programmes.

    • Most upper secondary VET students are in programmes that offer direct access to tertiary education. Countries where around 30% or more vocational students enrolled in programmes that lead to full level completion without direct access to tertiary education tend to be those with multiple vocational tracks and bridging options to allow progression to higher levels of education.

    • On average, 72% of students who enter upper secondary education graduate within its theoretical duration across countries with available data. Two years after the end of the theoretical duration, the average completion rate has increased to 82%.

    • Students who entered a general upper secondary programme have a higher rate of completion (87%) than those who entered in a vocational programme (73%) in nearly all countries two years after the end of the theoretical programme duration.

    • The COVID-19 pandemic had a very uneven impact on international student flows across countries during the period 2019-2021. While the share of mobile students fell by 6 percentage points in Australia and 9 percentage points in New Zealand, it increased in several countries and remained unchanged in many others.
    

    

    
| Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    

    
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    • Across OECD countries, expenditure per student averages around USD 10 700 at the primary level, USD 11 900 at secondary and USD 18 100 at tertiary level. This reflects the fact that higher levels of education often require teachers to have more advanced qualifications and specialised knowledge which are usually accompanied by higher salaries.

    • Vocational education and training (VET) programmes, which often require specific equipment and infrastructure, typically cost more per student than general programmes. On average across OECD countries, expenditure per student is about USD 11 400 in general upper secondary programmes, compared to about USD 13 200 in vocational programmes.
    • Upper secondary vocational programmes receive between 3% and 17% of all funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions. Post-secondary non-tertiary programmes, which are often vocational, receive as much as 7% of funding (in Ireland) and short-cycle tertiary as much as 10% (in Canada).

    • In 2020, on average across OECD countries, 84% of the funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions came directly from government sources, 15% from private sources and 1% from non-domestic (international) sources.

    • Higher education levels tend to have higher teachers' salary costs per student. On average across OECD countries, they rise from USD 3 614 per student in primary education to USD 4 424 in lower secondary education. This is mostly due to a combination of higher teachers' salaries and instruction time, and shorter teaching hours.
    

    

    
| Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    

    
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    • Students across the OECD receive an average of 7 634 hours of compulsory instruction during their primary and lower secondary education, ranging from 5 245 hours in Poland to double that in Australia (11 000 hours).

    • Teachers' actual salaries at pre-primary, primary and general secondary levels of education are 81-95% of the earnings of tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries and other participants.

    • School heads' actual salaries are more than 51% higher on average than those of teachers across primary and secondary education in OECD countries and other participants.

    • More than three-quarters of the OECD countries have national, or central, examinations in the final years of upper secondary education (in general programmes). A large majority of these countries use these examinations to grant students access to tertiary education.

    

    

    
| Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    

    
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Key

    
Diagram of funding flows - France

    

    

    

    

    
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Country Reviews for France

    

    

    

    








    
Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities,
such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
for each publication.
    
All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available.
The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/


    
Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some
countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.


    
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies.
This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and
Annex 3
of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.


    
B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.


    
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.