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Finland
Overview of the education system (EAG 2023)
  • In Finland, 33% of 15-19 year-olds are enrolled in general upper secondary education and 27% in vocational upper secondary education. A further 23% are enrolled in lower secondary programmes and 4% in tertiary programmes. This compares to an OECD average of 37% enrolled in general upper secondary programmes, 23% in vocational upper secondary programmes, 12% in lower secondary programmes and 12% in tertiary programmes.
  • In Finland,37% of 25-34 year-olds have a vocational education and training (VET) qualification as their highest level of attainment: 37% at upper secondary level, 1% at post-secondary non-tertiary level.
  • Workers in Finland aged 25-34 with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment earn similar wages as those without upper secondary attainment, whereas the earning advantage for workers with general upper secondary attainment is 7%.
  • In Finland,25-34 year-old workers with bachelor's attainment earn 12% more than their peers without upper secondary attainment, while those with master's or doctoral attainment earn 38% more.
  • Across all levels from primary to tertiary education, Finland spends USD 13 705 annually per full-time equivalent student (adjusted for purchasing power and including expenditure on research and development), compared to the OECD average of USD 12 647.
  • In Finland, in full-time equivalent terms, there are 15 students per staff member in general upper secondary programmes (OECD average: 14 students per staff member) and 18 students for every teaching staff member in vocational upper secondary programmes (OECD average: 15 students per staff member).
  • In Finland,40% of teachers in general upper secondary programmes are aged 50 or older, compared to the OECD average of 39%.Teachers in vocational programmes are on average older than their general programme peers, with 57% aged 50 or above (43% on average across the OECD).
    • | Education at a Glance 2023 | Country Note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2023 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Finland | Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö (Ministry of Education and Culture) | Tilastokeskus/Statistikcentralen (Statistics Finland) |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Attainment

    The proportion of 25-64 year-old women who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (6.2 %, rank 35/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Attainment by gender

    The share of 25-34 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in Finland is one of the highest among countries with available data. (33.5 %, rank 5/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Attainment by field of education

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of educaton is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (6.7 %, rank 27/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is one of the lowest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (5.2 %, rank 27/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Entrance by field of education and gender

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in engineering, manufacturing and construction in Finland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (26 %, rank 37/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering master's or equivalent programmes in Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in Finland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (31.4 %, rank 36/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of men among new entrants in bachelor's programmes in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (35.4 %, rank 39/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of male students entering master's or equivalent programmes in health and welfare in Finland is one of the smallest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (18 %, rank 36/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The percentage of students in government-dependent private tertiary educational institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (48.2 %, rank 5/24 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (100 %, rank 1/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 18 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Finland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 27/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Finland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 29/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of students aged 20 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Finland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 30/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The average age of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Finland is relatively high compared to the other countries. (28.2 %, rank 4/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    (100 %, rank 1/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The average age of post-secondary non-tertiary students enrolled in vocational programmes in Finland is among the highest. (42.1 %, rank 1/27 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Students enrolled in programmes providing full completion and access to tertiary education among all students enrolled in post-secondary non-tertiary vocational programmes are proportionally more in Finland than in the other countries. (100 %, rank 1/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 15-19 in post-secondary non-tertiary programmes in Finland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0 %, rank 27/31 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 20-24 in upper secondary programmes in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.9 %, rank 5/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 20-24 in upper secondary vocational programmes in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10.5 %, rank 2/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate among students aged 20-24 in bachelor's programmes in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (32 %, rank 4/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of six-year-olds in ECEC in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (96.3 %, rank 5/83 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of six-year-olds in pre-primary education in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (96.3 %, rank 5/83 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of six-year-olds in primary education in Finland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.2 %, rank 45/45 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation

    The average age of graduates from vocational programmes at the upper secondary level in Finland is comparatively high. (30.7 Years, rank 4/38 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the average age of post-secondary non-tertiary graduates from vocational programmes is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data (43 Years, rank 1/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of first-time bachelor's graduates younger than 30 is relatively low. (74.5 %, rank 33/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of long first degree master's graduates in public institutions is relatively high in Finland. (100 %, rank 1/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of doctorate graduates in public institutions is relatively high in Finland. (100 %, rank 1/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The average age of bachelor's or equivalent graduates in Finland is among the oldest. (27.5 Years, rank 5/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by gender

    The share of female graduates from upper secondary general programmes is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (55.5 %, rank 1/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female first-time master's graduates is relatively smallest, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (50.9 %, rank 24/25 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of information and communication technologies is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.6 %, rank 3/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.3 %, rank 3/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of STEM is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (28.2 %, rank 4/45 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent graduates in the field of health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (21.3 %, rank 5/45 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Graduation by field of education and gender

    The proportion of female tertiary graduates in health and welfare is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (29.5 %, rank 3/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively high. (62.1 %, rank 3/43 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of male tertiary graduates in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively small. (4.3 %, rank 40/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of male tertiary graduates in the field of science, technology, engineering and mathematics is relatively high in Finland. (50 %, rank 2/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of female post-secondary non-tertiary graduates in the field of business, administration and law is relatively small. (58 %, rank 22/26 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of arts and humanities is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (73.7 %, rank 2/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female graduates in tertiary education in the fields of social sciences, journalism and information is one of the largest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (75.4 %, rank 3/44 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Finland, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of social sciences, journalism and information is relatively low. (4.8 %, rank 38/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of business, administration and law among all national tertiary students in Finland is relatively low. (17.6 %, rank 34/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of new entrants to doctoral programmes in the field of information and communication technologies is relatively high, compared to other countries with available data. (8.4 %, rank 3/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of new entrants in social sciences, journalism and information bachelor's programmes is slightly low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.1 %, rank 39/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of new entrants in social sciences, journalism and information master's programmes is relatively low, compared to OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.6 %, rank 37/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Student mobility

    In Finland, the proportion of new international entrants in master's long first degree (LFD) programmes is relatively low. (0.7 %, rank 20/22 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Student mobility by field of education

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of social sciences, journalism and information among all international or foreign tertiary students in Finland is relatively low. (4.3 %, rank 35/36 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of students enrolled in the field of information and communication technologies among all international or foreign tertiary students in Finland is relatively high. (10.4 %, rank 3/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of international doctoral graduates in the field of Information and communication technologies is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.3 %, rank 3/37 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Adult participation in non-formal education

    In Finland, the share of 25-64 year-olds without an upper secondary education participating in non-formal job-related education and training over the 4 weeks prior to the interview is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partners countries with available data. (6.2 %, rank 5/20 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Resources for education

    In Finland, the salary cost of lower-secondary teachers per student is comparatively high. (6687 USD Equivalent, rank 4/24 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Expenditure per student for ancillary services on tertiary education in Finland is comparatively low. (0 USD Equivalent, rank 26/27 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2020, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Finland is one of the small among OECD and partner countries with available data. (-0.1 %, rank 31/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Finland is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (26126 USD Equivalent, rank 3/38 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Finland, expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (2.4 %, rank 5/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0 %, rank 37/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, international expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (0 %, rank 3/33 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0.1 %, rank 37/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary level is low. (0 %, rank 27/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The public expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively high in Finland. (5.3 %, rank 5/29 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The proportion of private expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is comparatively low in Finland. (0.1 %, rank 26/29 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2020, the average annual growth in total expenditure on primary to tertiary education in Finland is one of the low among OECD and partner countries with available data. (-0.1 %, rank 31/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, international expenditure as a percentage of GDP from initial source of funds on tertiary education is relatively large. (0.1 %, rank 5/34 , 2020) Download Indicator

    From 2012 to 2018, the average annual growth in total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education in Finland is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 4/32 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of capital expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low. (-1.1 %, rank 32/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Government and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.6 %, rank 37/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of private expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.3 %, rank 39/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Finland has one of the smallest shares of private expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1.7 %, rank 38/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for tertiary education is comparatively large in Finland. (90.4 %, rank 4/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of public expenditure on educational institutions, for primary to tertiary education is comparatively large. (96.8 %, rank 2/39 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education from initial source of funds is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.4 %, rank 27/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of private expenditure from primary to tertiary education from initial source of funds is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.5 %, rank 27/29 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the relative share of public expenditure from initial sources of funds on primary to post-secondary non-tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (99.6 %, rank 3/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the relative share of public expenditure from initial source of funds at primary to tertiary education is relatively large. (96.9 %, rank 2/29 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Compared to 2015, the share of total public expenditure from initial source of funds for primary to tertiary education is comparatively smallest in Finland. (98 Index, rank 37/41 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the total expenditure per full-time equivalent student on primary to tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (90.6 %, rank 5/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The percentage of current expenditure on secondary education is relatively small in Finland. (4.1 %, rank 28/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Nature of expenditure

    In Finland, the share of current expenditure on primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (84.1 %, rank 32/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of capital expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (13.9 %, rank 4/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of current expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (86.1 %, rank 33/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of current expenditure on secondary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (87.3 %, rank 34/36 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of capital expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (4.5 %, rank 31/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of current expenditure on tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (95.5 %, rank 5/35 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of hours per year lower secondary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively low in Finland. (595 Hours, rank 29/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (52.4 %, rank 4/42 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of female teachers younger than 30 in tertiary education is relatively small . (44.8 %, rank 32/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female teachers aged 50 or more in tertiary education is especially high in Finland. (52.5 %, rank 3/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of bachelor's, master's and doctoral level female teachers younger than 30 is relatively low, compared to other countries with data available. (44.8 %, rank 29/32 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of upper secondary vocational education teachers aged 50 or more is relatively high, compared to the other countries with available data. (56.6 %, rank 2/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers under 30 in upper secondary vocational education is especially low in Finland. (2.2 %, rank 30/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in upper secondary vocational education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (41.2 %, rank 27/30 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged 50 or more in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high in Finland, compared to the other countries with available data. (56.6 %, rank 1/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of post secondary non-tertiary education teachers under 30 is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data (2.2 %, rank 19/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of teachers aged between 30 and 49 in post secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low in Finland, compared to other countries with available data. (41.1 %, rank 19/20 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    The ratio of upper secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.07 Ratio, rank 5/26 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries progression

    The ratio of pre-primary teachers' salaries at the top of scale to their starting salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.1 Ratio, rank 27/28 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In pre-primary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is relatively low. (1.1 Ratio, rank 25/25 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In primary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively low. (1.3 Ratio, rank 28/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In lower secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively low. (1.3 Ratio, rank 28/32 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Principals' salaries

    Pre-primary 25-64 year-old school heads' salaries relative to earnings for full-time, full-year similarly educated workers with tertiary education is low in Finland. (0.82 Ratio, rank 16/17 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Ratio of student to teaching staff

    The number of pupils per teacher in pre-primary schools is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.4 Ratio, rank 39/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the lower secondary level is especially low. (8.5 Ratio, rank 37/41 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the vocational upper secondary level is especially high in Finland. (18.3 Ratio, rank 5/33 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the number of students per teacher in public lower secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 Ratio, rank 36/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the number of students per teacher in all private secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.3 Ratio, rank 4/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Organisation of the education system

    The total compulsory instruction time for lower secondary students in Finland is one of the shortest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (2423 Hours, rank 34/38 , 2023) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Finland. (49.2 %, rank 40/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Employment by gender and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Finland. (55.3 %, rank 41/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the employment rate among 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is comparatively low (82 %, rank 32/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of employed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (77.2 %, rank 34/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of employed 25-64 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (80.6 %, rank 32/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Employment by field of education

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with tertiary education who studied in the field of humanities (except languages), social sciences, journalism and information is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (90.5 %, rank 3/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Unemployment by gender and educational attainment

    In Finland, the share of unemployed 25-64 year-old men with general upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.3 %, rank 3/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Inactivity and educational attainment

    The inactivity rate of 25-34 years-old adults with below upper secondary education is high in Finland. (43.1 %, rank 4/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-olds with a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (7.7 %, rank 40/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Inactivity by gender and educational attainment

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men without an upper secondary education is relatively high compared to other countries with available data. (36.8 %, rank 2/43 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (16.9 %, rank 33/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-34 year-old men with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively high. (12 %, rank 1/33 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the inactivity rate of 25-64 year-old women with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low. (18.2 %, rank 40/44 , 2022) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    The proportion of male full-time earners among all earners aged 35 to 44 without upper secondary education is comparatively low. (37.9 %, rank 28/30 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The earnings of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high compared to those of adults with an upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education. (100 Index, rank 1/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of young 25-34 year-old adults with a bachelor's or equivalent attainment earnings is relatively low compared to OECD and other members with available data (111.8 %, rank 32/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Finland. (100 Index, rank 28/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Finland. (98 Index, rank 29/29 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Finland. (99 Index, rank 26/28 , 2021) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old workers with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education earning more than twice the overall median in Finland is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (3.1 %, rank 36/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Finland. (122 Index, rank 37/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with tertiary education compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Finland. (145 Index, rank 40/40 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-34 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Finland. (112 Index, rank 34/34 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 25-64 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Finland. (121 Index, rank 35/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Compared to other countries with available data, earnings of 45-54 year-olds working full-time and full-year with bachelor's or equivalent attainment compared to those of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively low in Finland. (132 Index, rank 33/35 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Earnings, gender and educational attainment

    The earnings of men without an upper secondary education are relatively high compared to those of men with an upper secondary education. (96 Index, rank 1/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    The earnings of women without an upper secondary education are relatively high compared to those of women with an upper secondary education. (101 Index, rank 1/40 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Earnings by field of education

    Earnings of tertiary-educated adults who studied in the field of business, administration and law are low, compared to earnings of all tertiary-educated adults in Finland. (101.9 %, rank 15/17 , 2020) Download Indicator

    Neither in education nor employed

    The share of women without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively low (38.5 %, rank 33/36 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of men without an upper secondary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively high (50 %, rank 3/39 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of women with tertiary education neither in employment nor in education and training (25-29 year-olds) in Finland is relatively low. (5.4 %, rank 35/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    The share of women who are unemployed NEET (18-24 year-olds) in Finland is relatively low. (2 %, rank 34/38 , 2022) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the proportion of youth with a tertiary degree who are neither employed nor in education or training among 15-29 year-olds is comparatively small. (4.1 %, rank 37/39 , 2021) Download Indicator

    Social outcomes

    In Finland, tertiary education's average score for the perception of democracy and the importance given to citizens having the final say on the most important political issues by voting on them directly in referendums is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (7.2 Average score, rank 20/24 , 2020) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the share of adults with a tertiary education who reported taking part in public demonstrations is relatively low, compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (2.5 %, rank 24/24 , 2020) Download Indicator


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    General findings
    
                        
    
                            
    
                                
    • On average in OECD countries, the employment rate for younger adults (25-34 year-olds) with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education as their highest attainment is 83% for those with a vocational qualification and 73% for those with a general one.
    • Combined school- and work-based vocational programmes facilitate the transition into the labour market. In Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia and Switzerland, around nine out of ten upper secondary VET students are in a combined school- and work-based programme, but in 10 countries, the share is less than one in five.
    • Vocational education and training (VET) programmes, which often require specific equipment and infrastructure, typically cost more per student than general programmes. On average across OECD countries, expenditure per student is about USD 11 400 in general upper secondary programmes, compared to about USD 13 200 in vocational programmes.
    • On average across OECD countries, 43% of teachers in vocational upper secondary programmes are aged 50 or over. This reflects an ageing VET teacher workforce, and also that some VET teachers join the teaching profession after an industry work experience.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Spotlight on Vocational Education and Training | Education policies: Access and Participation - VET | Education policies: Finance and Funding - VET | Education policies: Labour market outcomes - VET | 
    
                            
    
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    • On average across OECD, 20% of adults (25-64 year-olds) still do not have an upper secondary qualification in 2022. Forty percent have an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary qualification as their highest level of education, the same share as those with a tertiary degree.

    • Employment rates increase as educational attainment increases. Among 25-64 year-olds, the employment rate is 59% for those with below upper secondary attainment. This rises to 77% for adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment and 86% for those with tertiary attainment.

    • Civic engagement tends to increase as educational attainment increases. Across the OECD countries and accession countries participating in the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 10, around 10% of individuals with tertiary attainment have participated in a public demonstration in the previous 12 months, whereas 6% of individuals with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment have done so. 

    • The most common form of participation in adult learning is non-formal education and training, mostly job related. Slightly more than one in ten adults (25-64 year-olds) participate in non-formal education and training on average across OECD and accession countries reporting data with a four-week reference period, of which almost 80% have engaged in at least one job-related learning activity.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Attainment | Education policies: Labour market outcomes | 
    
                            
    
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    • On average, 18% of children under 2 and 43% of 2-year-olds were enrolled in early childhood education (ECEC) programmes in 2021 but other ECEC services also play a significant role. In Japan, 26% of children under 2 and 53% of 2-year-olds are enrolled in ECEC services outside ISCED 0. 

    • In Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, vocational programmes mostly serve those who have completed their initial schooling, and less than 12% of 15-19 year-old upper secondary students are pursuing VET. In contrast, there are 11 OECD countries where the majority of 15-19 year-olds enrolled in upper secondary education are in vocational programmes.

    • Most upper secondary VET students are in programmes that offer direct access to tertiary education. Countries where around 30% or more vocational students enrolled in programmes that lead to full level completion without direct access to tertiary education tend to be those with multiple vocational tracks and bridging options to allow progression to higher levels of education. 

    • On average, 72% of students who enter upper secondary education graduate within its theoretical duration across countries with available data. Two years after the end of the theoretical duration, the average completion rate has increased to 82%. 

    • Students who entered a general upper secondary programme have a higher rate of completion (87%) than those who entered in a vocational programme (73%) in nearly all countries two years after the end of the theoretical programme duration. 

    • The COVID-19 pandemic had a very uneven impact on international student flows across countries during the period 2019-2021. While the share of mobile students fell by 6 percentage points in Australia and 9 percentage points in New Zealand, it increased in several countries and remained unchanged in many others.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Access and Participation  | 
    
                            
    
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    • Across OECD countries, expenditure per student averages around USD 10 700 at the primary level, USD 11 900 at secondary and USD 18 100 at tertiary level. This reflects the fact that higher levels of education often require teachers to have more advanced qualifications and specialised knowledge which are usually accompanied by higher salaries.

    • Vocational education and training (VET) programmes, which often require specific equipment and infrastructure, typically cost more per student than general programmes. On average across OECD countries, expenditure per student is about USD 11 400 in general upper secondary programmes, compared to about USD 13 200 in vocational programmes.
    • Upper secondary vocational programmes receive between 3% and 17% of all funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions. Post-secondary non-tertiary programmes, which are often vocational, receive as much as 7% of funding (in Ireland) and short-cycle tertiary as much as 10% (in Canada).

    • In 2020, on average across OECD countries, 84% of the funding for primary to tertiary educational institutions came directly from government sources, 15% from private sources and 1% from non-domestic (international) sources. 

    • Higher education levels tend to have higher teachers' salary costs per student. On average across OECD countries, they rise from USD 3 614 per student in primary education to USD 4 424 in lower secondary education. This is mostly due to a combination of higher teachers' salaries and instruction time, and shorter teaching hours.
    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Finance and Funding | 
    
                            
    
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    • Students across the OECD receive an average of 7 634 hours of compulsory instruction during their primary and lower secondary education, ranging from 5 245 hours in Poland to double that in Australia (11 000 hours).

    • Teachers' actual salaries at pre-primary, primary and general secondary levels of education are 81-95% of the earnings of tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries and other participants.

    • School heads' actual salaries are more than 51% higher on average than those of teachers across primary and secondary education in OECD countries and other participants.

    • More than three-quarters of the OECD countries have national, or central, examinations in the final years of upper secondary education (in general programmes). A large majority of these countries use these examinations to grant students access to tertiary education.

    
                            
    
                            
    
                                | Education policies: Teachers | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)  | 
    
                            
    
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            Diagram of funding flows - Finland
            
    
            
    
        
    


        
		
    
            
    
			Click on the coverpage to see the full OECD iLibrary version
			
    
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            Country Reviews for Finland
            
    
            
    
			
    
        
    
		
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
        
    
            Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced
            by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple
            most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in
            education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, 
			such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey
            more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important
            areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please
            take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website
            for each publication.
    
            All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. 
            The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
            

    
			Reference years displayed in the Education GPS correspond to the most common year of reference among countries for which data is available on each variable. Data for the latest available year is preferred and some 
			countries may have provided data refering to a more recent or late year. To know more about possible exceptions on data please click on the "Download Indicator" link on each variable. When a year of reference corresponds to a school year encompassing two years, the reference reads as follows: 2018 for school year 2017/2018.  
			

    
	    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. 
		This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages.
		Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and 
		Annex 3 
		of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
            

    
			B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China:
Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
			

    
            For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.