Country
Data profiles:
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Financial literacy (PISA 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
ECEC staff, leaders and their working conditions (Starting Strong Survey 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2012) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2017) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary and lower secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, lower and upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Adult skills (Survey of Adult Skills, PIAAC, 2015) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Overview of the education system (EAG 2021) |
Teachers and teaching conditions (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Student performance (PISA 2018) |
Teachers and teaching conditions, primary to upper secondary education (TALIS 2018) |
Profile View

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Attainment
The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (64.3 %, rank 2/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.7 %, rank 43/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (75.5 %, rank 2/45 , 2020) Download Indicator
The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (14.8 %, rank 44/45 , 2020) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (9.7 %, rank 46/46 , 2020) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.9 %, rank 44/45 , 2020) Download Indicator
The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.6 %, rank 45/45 , 2020) Download Indicator
In China, the percentage of 25-64 year-olds who attained a bachelor's or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the lowest among countries with available data. (3.5 %, rank 44/46 , 2020) Download Indicator
China has one of the lowest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. (0.4 %, rank 42/43 , 2020) Download Indicator
The level of below upper secondary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.1 %, rank 2/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
The level of upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (8.3 %, rank 43/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
Attainment by gender
The proportion of 25-34 year-old men who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.3 %, rank 43/45 , 2020) Download Indicator
The proportion of 25-34 year-old women who have attained tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17.6 %, rank 43/45 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained below upper secondary education in China is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (62.7 %, rank 1/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained below upper secondary education in China is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (65.9 %, rank 2/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old men who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in China is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (19 %, rank 43/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
The share of 25-34 year-old women who attained upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education in China is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (16.5 %, rank 43/44 , 2020) Download Indicator
Graduation by gender
The share of female graduates from upper secondary general programmes is one of the smallest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (46.9 %, rank 42/42 , 2019) Download Indicator
Among OECD and partner countries with available data, China has one of the smallest shares of women graduates from tertiary programmes. (53.1 %, rank 33/36 , 2019) Download Indicator
Student mobility
China has one of the smallest proportion of international or foreign students enrolled in tertiary education among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.4 %, rank 40/44 , 2019) Download Indicator
Public and private expenditure in education
Compared to 2015, the share of total government expenditure is comparatively high in China. (126 Index, rank 2/46 , 2018) Download Indicator
General findings
- One in five adults across the OECD has not attained upper secondary education.
- In 2020, the unemployment rate of adults that had not completed upper secondary education was almost twice as high as those with higher qualifications, and 27% of these adults earn only at or below half the median on average across OECD countries.
- In 2019, at least 10% of school-aged youth were not in school in about a quarter of OECD countries.
Visualisations



- In 2019, women made up 55% of new entrants to tertiary education on average. If current patterns continue, it is expected that 46% of young women will graduate with a tertiary degree for the first time before they turn 30, 15 percentage points more than men.
- Women also earn on average about 76-78% of mens salaries regardless of educational attainment, although the gender gap narrowed by 2 percentage points between 2013 and 2019.
- Women are less likely than men to enter a STEM field of study, and the average share remained generally stable between 2013 and 2019.
Visualisations



- On average across countries, expenditure on educational institutions amounted to approximately USD 9 300 per student at pre-primary level; USD 10 500 at primary, secondary and post-secondary non tertiary level; and USD 17 100 at tertiary level.
- The public sector funds 90% of total expenditure on primary and secondary institutions on average, often compulsory in most OECD countries, compared to 83% at pre-primary level and 66% at tertiary level.
- In 2018, the OECD countries spent on average 4.9% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on primary to tertiary educational institutions.
Visualisations



- In 2019, less than 5% of pre-primary teachers were men, compared to 18% at primary level, 40% at upper secondary level and more than 50% at tertiary level on average.
- Between 2005 and 2020, on average across OECD countries and economies with available data for all reference years, the statutory salaries of teachers with 15 years of experience and the most prevalent qualifications increased by 3% at primary level, 4% at lower secondary level (general programmes) and 2% at upper secondary level (general programmes).
- In most countries, teachers above 50 years of age make up more than a third of the teaching force.
- Attracting male teachers to the profession can be difficult: While the average actual salary of female teachers is equal to or higher than the average salary of other full-time, tertiary-educated women, primary and secondary male teachers earn between 76% and 85% of the average earnings of other full-time, tertiary-educated men.
Visualisations



- On average across OECD countries, 87% of children aged 3-5 are enrolled in education on average across OECD countries compared to 25% for children below the age of 3.
- There are 15 children for every teacher at pre-primary level on average across OECD countries.
- Half of children enrolled in early childhood development services and a two-thirds of pre-primary children attend public institutions on average across OECD countries
Visualisations







All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/
*TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS averages. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Annex 3 of EAG 2021 for more details about the data collections.
B-S-J-Z (China) refers to the four PISA-participating provinces/municipalities of the People's Republic of China: Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.