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Diagram of the education system

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    • Education system in Finland

    Finland
    Overview of the education system (EAG 2018)
  • Finland benefits from more upward educational mobility and lower income inequality than other countries. However significant gender differences in educational attainment and labour market outcomes still persist.
  • Between 2005 and 2015 enrolment in early childhood education in Finland increased among all age groups but the enrolment rate is still lower in the early years than in several other OECD countries.
  • Upper secondary enrolment is high and stable in Finland and participation in vocational education is among the highest in the OECD.
  • Total expenditure on tertiary educational institutions has declined by 6% in Finland between 2010 and 2015, in spite of slightly increasing student enrolment.
    • | Education at a Glance 2018 | Country Note | Annexes from Education at a Glance 2018 | OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 | OECD Education Policy Outlook: Finland | Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö (Ministry of Education and Culture) | Tilastokeskus/Statistikcentralen (Statistics Finland) |
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    The following list displays indicators for which your selected country shows the highest and lowest values among countries. The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. All rankings are calculated including available data from OECD and partner countries. Find out more about the methodology here.

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    Educational outcomes

    The level of upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (88.1 %, rank 9/45 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The level of upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49 %, rank 10/45 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The level of below upper secondary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (11.9 %, rank 37/45 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 25-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (44.3 %, rank 10/46 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The level of tertiary attainment among 55-64 year-olds is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (38.5 %, rank 6/46 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a vocational degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (38.1 %, rank 7/33 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who have attained a general degree at the upper secondary or post-secondary level is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (5.7 %, rank 34/37 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The percentage of young people expected to graduate from vocational programmes in upper secondary education in Finland is comparatively high (55 %, rank 4/33 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of today's young people expected to graduate from upper secondary education during their lifetimes is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (101 %, rank 1/38 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Finland has one of the highest percentages of 25-64 year-olds whose highest education level is a short-cycle tertiary education degree. (11.5 %, rank 9/39 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The proportion of 25-64 year-olds who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the highest among countries with available data. (1.2 %, rank 10/34 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female graduates from upper secondary general programmes is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (58.4 %, rank 7/39 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The percentage of female graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (53.5 %, rank 6/39 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Finland has one of the highest percentages of young people expected to obtain a bachelor's or an equivalent degree during their lifetime. (48.2 %, rank 6/38 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The percentage of today's young people expected to obtain a master's or an equivalent degree during their lifetime is one of the highest among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (24.2 %, rank 7/38 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Excluding mobile students, Finland has one of the highest percentages of young people expected to complete a doctorate or an equivalent education during their lifetime. (2 %, rank 3/26 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The percentage of first-time graduates in vocational programmes at upper secondary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (55.2 %, rank 8/32 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Participation in education

    The proportion of upper secondary students enrolled in vocational or pre-vocational programmes is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (71.3 %, rank 2/42 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the number of expected years in education between ages 15 and 29 is comparatively high. (8.2 %, rank 4/39 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the number of expected years in education for men between ages 15 and 29 is comparatively high. (8 %, rank 3/39 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the number of expected years in education for women between ages 15 and 29 is comparatively high. (8.4 %, rank 3/39 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The share of female students entering doctorate or equivalent programmes in Finland is one of the largest compared to other OECD countries and partner economies. (52.3 %, rank 6/40 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 20-24 year-olds in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (51.3 %, rank 7/40 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The enrolment rate of 25-29 year-olds in Finland is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31 %, rank 2/40 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the average age of new entrants into doctoral programmes is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (33 Years, rank 9/34 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Intergenerational mobility

    The share of 25-64 year-old adults without upper secondary education among those whose parents have also not attained upper secondary education is comparatively low in Finland. (20.5 %, rank 25/27 , 2015) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old adults with tertiary education among those whose parents have not attained upper secondary education is comparatively high in Finland. (34.8 %, rank 3/27 , 2015) Download Indicator

    The share of 25-64 year-old adults with tertiary education among those for whom at least one parent has also attained tertiary education is comparatively low in Finland. (64.1 %, rank 18/27 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Fields of education

    In Finland, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of business, administration and law is relatively low. (19.7 %, rank 27/34 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, the percentage of new entrants to tertiary education in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is relatively high. (8.6 %, rank 2/34 , 2015) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in of the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (18.2 %, rank 29/33 , 2015) Download Indicator

    The share of female who enter tertiary education in of the field of health and welfare is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (82.8 %, rank 3/33 , 2015) Download Indicator

    The share of new female entrants to doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics and statistics in Finland is relatively low. (9.9 %, rank 33/34 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The share of new female entrants to doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction in Finland is relatively low. (8.4 %, rank 26/34 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The share of new male entrants to doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of natural sciences, mathematics ans statistics in Finland is relatively low. (12.1 %, rank 32/34 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The share of new male entrants to doctoral programmes enrolled in the field of health and welfare in Finland is relatively high. (15.3 %, rank 8/34 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Classroom environment

    The ratio of students to teaching staff at the upper secondary level is especially high. (17.21 Ratio, rank 7/39 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Expenditure per student

    Annual expenditure per tertiary student is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17591 USD Equivalent, rank 9/36 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per pupil at the pre-primary level is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (10654 USD Equivalent, rank 7/31 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student on research and development in tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (7200 USD Equivalent, rank 4/34 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, expenditure on pre-primary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (0.9 %, rank 5/33 , 2014) Download Indicator

    Annual expenditure per student for core, ancillary services and research and development, from tertiary institutions is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (17591 USD Equivalent, rank 9/36 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Expenditure in education and national wealth

    In Finland, expenditure on secondary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (2.6 %, rank 3/37 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (1.7 %, rank 10/37 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, government expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (4 %, rank 6/39 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, government expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (1.6 %, rank 2/39 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, government expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively high. (5.6 %, rank 3/39 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, private expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP on primary to tertiary education from final source of funds is relatively low. (0.1 %, rank 34/36 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP for tertiary education is comparatively low. (93.7 %, rank 22/28 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP for primary to tertiary education is comparatively high. (98.7 %, rank 10/28 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Public and private expenditure in education

    The share of private expenditure on all levels below tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.8 %, rank 34/35 , 2015) Download Indicator

    The share of private expenditure on tertiary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (3.4 %, rank 36/36 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure is comparatively high. (98.4 %, rank 2/36 , 2015) Download Indicator

    In Finland, public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP is comparatively high. (6 %, rank 3/39 , 2015) Download Indicator

    The change between 2005 and 2012 in private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions is one of the smallest compared to other OECD and partner countries with available data. (84 Index, rank 22/27 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Between 2010 and 2012, the change in public expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions is comparatively small. (96 Index, rank 24/31 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Finland has one of the smallest shares of private expenditure on primary through tertiary educational institutions among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (1.6 %, rank 35/36 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Finland has one of the largest shares of public expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions among OECD countries and partner economies with available data. (99.2 %, rank 3/37 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Change in public expenditure (including subsidies to households) on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education as a percentage of total public expenditure between 2011 and 2015 in Finland is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (97 Index, rank 11/20 , 2015) Download Indicator

    Teachers

    The number of hours per year primary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively small in Finland. (673 Hours, rank 23/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The number of hours per year lower secondary teachers spend teaching in public institutions is comparatively small in Finland. (589 Hours, rank 29/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The number of hours per year upper secondary teachers spend teaching general programmes in public institutions is comparatively small in Finland. (547 Hours, rank 27/33 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Who the teachers are

    The share of women among teaching staff in tertiary education is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (51.7 %, rank 4/37 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The percentage of primary to upper secondary teachers younger than 30 is especially low. (6.6 %, rank 28/35 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Teachers' salaries

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with minimum qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31945 USD Equivalent, rank 17/26 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The ratio of pre-primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.66 Ratio, rank 18/23 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The ratio of primary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.89 Ratio, rank 8/26 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.99 Ratio, rank 4/26 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The ratio of upper secondary teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.11 Ratio, rank 5/26 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Salaries of pre-primary teachers with minimum training at the top of scale are especially low. (31945 USD Equivalent, rank 21/27 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The ratio of pre-primary teachers' salaries at the top of scale to their starting salary is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.08 Ratio, rank 27/27 , 2017) Download Indicator

    It takes lower secondary teachers less time to progress through the salary scale in Finland compared to other OECD and partner countries. (20 Years, rank 18/24 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The average actual primary teacher's salary is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (45244 USD Equivalent, rank 9/28 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The average actual lower secondary teacher's salary is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49860 USD Equivalent, rank 8/28 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The average actual upper secondary teacher's salary is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (56220 USD Equivalent, rank 6/28 , 2016) Download Indicator

    In pre-primary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is relatively low. (1.08 Ratio, rank 26/26 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In primary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively low. (1.3 Ratio, rank 29/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In lower secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is comparatively low. (1.3 Ratio, rank 29/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    In upper secondary education, the salary ratio of teachers with maximum qualifications at the top of the salary scale to those with minimum training and starting salaries is relatively low. (1.32 Ratio, rank 29/32 , 2017) Download Indicator

    After 15 years of experience, a pre-primary teacher with typical qualification can expect to have one of the lowest salaries among OECD and partner countries with available data. (31945 USD Equivalent, rank 17/26 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary women teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year women workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (1.1 Ratio, rank 5/22 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The ratio of lower secondary men teachers' salaries to earnings of full-time, full-year men workers with tertiary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. (0.87 Ratio, rank 5/22 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The average lower secondary men teacher's actual salary is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (49411 USD Equivalent, rank 8/24 , 2016) Download Indicator

    The average lower secondary women teacher's actual salary is one of the highest per hour of net teaching time among OECD and partner countries with available data. (50976 USD Equivalent, rank 6/24 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Employment and educational attainment

    The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is relatively low compared to other OECD and partner countries. (74.3 %, rank 24/33 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The unemployment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. (8.1 %, rank 9/33 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The employment rate among 25-34 year-olds with below upper secondary education is compartively low in Finland. (47.8 %, rank 40/43 , 2017) Download Indicator

    Earnings and educational attainment

    Compared with other OECD and partner countries, the earnings of adults without an upper secondary education are relatively high compared to those of adults with an upper secondary or a post-secondary non-tertiary education. (101 Index, rank 1/37 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Compared with other OECD and partner countries, the proportional difference in earnings between 25-64 year-old adults with tertiary education and those with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education is quite low. (136 Index, rank 29/37 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Earnings of 25-64 year-old full- and part-time workers without upper secondary education are comparatively high. (98 Index, rank 1/37 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Earnings of 25-64 year-old full- and part-time workers with tertiary education are comparatively low. (141 Index, rank 28/37 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Earnings of 25-64 year-old full- and part-time workers with a Bachelor's or equivalent education are comparatively low. (125 Index, rank 26/32 , 2016) Download Indicator

    Governance

    The percentage of decisions taken at the central level of government for public lower secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (0 %, rank 27/34 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The percentage of decisions taken at the regional or sub-regional level of government for public lower secondary education is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries. (0 %, rank 7/16 , 2017) Download Indicator

    The percentage of decisions taken at the school level of for public lower secondary education is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries. (0 %, rank 34/34 , 2017) Download Indicator


    The data table will display up to six selected countries.
    General findings
    • Adults without tertiary-educated parents face greater challenges to attain tertiary level themselves: Only 21% do compared to 68% among those with at least one tertiary-educated parent.
    • While there is little difference on average between the level of tertiary attainment among native-born and foreign-born adults, there are large variations across countries. In Mexico the tertiary attainment of foreign-born adults is more than double that of native-born. In contrast, native-born adults in Slovenia are almost twice more likely to have attained tertiary education than their foreign-born peers.
    • The gender gap favors girls in education but men in the labour market: 50% of 25-34 year-old women attained tertiary education in 2017 compared to 38% of men. However the employment rate of tertiary-educated young women is about 9 percentage points less than for men and they earn only 74% as much as men with similar educational attainment on average across OECD countries.
    | Education policies: Equity | Fields of education, gender and the labour market | Influence of students' social and cultural background in higher education | Access to early childhood and the participation of women in the labour market |
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    • In 2015, OECD countries spent on average around 5% of their gross domestic product (GDP) on educational institutions from primary to tertiary levels , with variations across countries from 3.1% in the Russian Federation to 6.4% in Norway.
    • On average, OECD countries spend USD 10 391 a year on educational institutions to educate each student from primary to tertiary education. This represents about USD 8 600 per student at primary level, USD 9 900 at secondary level and USD 15 500 at tertiary level.
    • Primary and secondary education accounts for almost 70% of total expenditure on primary to tertiary educational institutions, or around 3.5% of GDP, on average across OECD countries.
    • In 2015, public funding represented more than 80% of total expenditure on primary to tertiary educational institutions across the OECD countries, varying from 62% in Colombia to 99% in Norway. However only two thirds of total expenditure is financed through public sources on tertiary institutions on average across OECD countries.
    | Education policies: Finance and Funding | Who really bears the cost of education? | What influences spending on education? | Does Money Buy Strong Performance in PISA? |
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    • In most countries, teachers above 50 years of age make up more than a third of the teaching force.
    • While the teaching profession is dominated by women, the share of female teachers decreases with the level of education taught: almost all teachers at the pre-primary level are women; however they make up less than half of the teaching force at tertiary level.
    • On average across OECD countries, statutory salaries of teachers at the top of their salary scales (and maximum qualifications) are between 77% and 81% higher than starting salaries (with minimum qualifications).
    • Teachers’ actual salaries at pre-primary, primary and general secondary levels of education are 82% to 96% of earnings of tertiary-educated workers on average across OECD countries.
    • While the average actual salary of primary and secondary female teachers is equal to or higher than the average earnings of full-time, tertiary-educated working women, primary and secondary male teachers earn between 77% and 88% of the average earnings of full-time, tertiary-educated working men.
    • Based on official regulations, public school teachers in OECD countries and economies are required to teach on average 1 030 hours per year at pre-primary level, 771 hours at primary level, 693 hours at lower secondary level (general programmes) and 646 hours at upper secondary level (general programmes).
    • On average across OECD countries, there are 15 students per teacher in primary education, 13 students per teacher in secondary education and 15 students per teacher in tertiary education.
    | Education policies: Teachers | OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) | Teachers’ salaries evolution and how they compare to those of tertiary-educated workers | How do primary and secondary teachers compare? |
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    • On average across OECD countries, 75% of children aged 3 are enrolled in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC).
    • At age 4, on average across OECD countries, almost 88% of children are enrolled in pre-primary education.
    • Annual expenditure per child in early childhood development programmes was greater than in pre-primary education in 2015 on average across OECD countries.
    • Public funds represent a higher share of total expenditure at pre-primary level than on early childhood development programmes.
    | Education policies: Access and Participation - Early Childhood Education | Starting Strong 2017: Key OECD Indicators on Early Childhood Education and Care | Starting Strong V: Transitions from Early Childhood Education and Care to Primary Education | Who bears the cost of early childhood education and how does it affect enrolment? | Access to early childhood and the participation of women in the labour market |
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    • The share of first-time upper secondary graduates with a vocational qualification varied from 6% in Canada to 78% in Austria in 2016 with an average of 41% across OECD countries.
    • In 2016, across OECD countries, teaching hours for upper secondary, general programmes vary greatly from 405 hours in Denmark to 1064 hours in Chile with an average of 655 hours.
    • In 2016, the ratio of students to teaching staff in public upper secondary educational institutions across OECD countries varies from 9 in Portugal to 22 in Mexico with an average of 13 across OECD countries.
    • The employment rate for adults with upper secondary education is 18 percentage points higher than for those without. The employment advantage varies from 6 percentage points in Mexico to more than 30 percentage points in the Czech and Slovak Republics.
    | Education policies: Access and Participation - Secondary | Transition from school to work | 50 year trends in educational attainment | What are the advantages today of having an upper secondary qualification? |
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    • Between 2007 and 2017, the share of tertiary-educated young adults increased by 10 percentage points on average across OECD countries.
    • In 2015, OECD countries spent on average around 1.5% of their gross domestic product (GDP) on tertiary educational institutions, ranging from 0.5% in Luxembourg to 2.6% in the United States.
    • On average in OECD countries, 59% of young adults will enter a bachelor’s degree or equivalent programme in their lifetime while 24% are expected to enter a master’s or equivalent programme.
    • While there are large variations across countries, international and foreign students account for 6% of total enrolment in tertiary programmes and reach more than a quarter of enrolments at doctoral level on average across OECD countries.
    • Tertiary-educated adults are more likely to be employed and earn about 55% more than those with upper secondary education on average across OECD countries.
    | Education policies: Access and Participation - Tertiary | How is the tertiary-educated population evolving? | Earnings advantage of tertiary-educated workers across generations | Is labour market demand keeping pace with the rising educational attainment of the population? |
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    Key
    Country Reviews for Finland

    Note: These values should be interpreted with care since they are influenced by countries' specific contexts and trade-offs. In education, there is often no simple most- or least-efficient model. For instance, the share of private expenditure in education must be read against other measures designed to mitigate inequities, such as loans and grants; longer learning time is an opportunity to convey more and better content to students, but may hinder investments in other important areas. If you want further information on the nature of different variables, please take the time to read the analysis and contextual information, available at the website for each publication.
    All rankings for individual variables are compiled on the basis of OECD and G20 countries for which data are available. The OECD average includes only OECD countries which are listed here: http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/

    *TALIS averages are based on all countries participating in the TALIS survey, including partner countries and economies. This explains the difference between the OECD average and the TALIS average. Data from the TALIS survey and Education at a Glance (EAG) may differ. See Annex E of the TALIS technical report and Annex 3 of EAG 2017 for more details about the data collections.

    For additional notes, please refer to annexes in the list of links below the introductory country profile text.